{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:45:17Z","timestamp":1792806317418,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Francophone University Agency (AUF) and the Romanian Government through the Eugen Ionescu Doctoral Mobility Scholarship"},{"name":"the Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology at University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gzr6j88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oxidative stress is a pathophysiological factor that causes challenging issues in the treatment of several diseases, including gastric ulcer, inflammatory diseases, and adenocarcinomas. V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa are African plants whose parts are used for treating diseases, including gastrointestinal pathologies. This study aimed to characterize the gastroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa stem bark extracts based on various solvents. Methods: The phytochemical screening and antioxidant evaluation were performed using radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH) and reduction (FRAP and APM) methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was performed through an egg albumin denaturation model. The toxicological evaluation was performed on Artemia salina and female Wistar rat models, and the gastroprotective activity was carried out on an ethanolic-induced gastric ulcer rat model. Results: The results reported that V. paradoxa stem bark extracts contain catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, apigenin-7-gluc, and hesperidin, while P. biglobosa bark contains chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeine, epicatechin, and cichoric acid. In the DPPH assay, the lowest scavenging capacities were 1.8 \u00b1 0.21 mmol AAE\/mg of dry extract (V. paradoxa, 97% ethanol) and 11.43 \u00b1 0.208 mmol AAE\/mg of dry extract (P. biglobosa, 50% ethanol). Similarly, for ABTS, the lowest scavenging capacities were 0.9726 \u00b1 0.03952 mmol AAE\/mg of dry extract (V. paradoxa, methanol with 1% HCl) and 1.3 mmol AAE\/mg of dry extract (P. biglobosa, 97% ethanol), indicating strong antioxidant capacity. In the FRAP assay, both species reached a maximum reducing power of 2.39 mMol AAE\/mg of dry extract (methanolic extract for V. paradoxa; methanol + 1% HCl for P. biglobosa). For APM, the 97% ethanolic extracts again showed the highest total antioxidant capacities: 31.78 \u00b1 1.481 mMol AAE\/mg (V. paradoxa) and 31.21 \u00b1 0.852 mMol AAE\/mg (P. biglobosa). The stem bark extracts of both V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa were revealed to be harmless in the Artemia salina as well as the rat model. The extracts of V. paradoxa as well as P. biglobosa exerted a stronger gastroprotective effect than omeprazole, a commonly used reference molecule. Conclusions: These extracts, rich in compounds exhibiting strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective activities, surpassed omeprazole in ulcer protection in rat models. Their safety was confirmed in both Artemia salina and rodent assays. Future studies will explore their immunomodulatory, antiproliferative activities in vitro and in vivo and, specifically, the efficacy of isolated compounds in gastric adenocarcinoma models to assess these plants\u2019 anticancer potential and elucidate their underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T17:22:07Z","timestamp":1754932927000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gastroprotective, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Toxicological Evaluation of Stem Bark Extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7902-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brice","family":"Dangnon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"},{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 1 District, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Durand","family":"Dah-Nouvlessounon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M. Isma\u00ebl","family":"Hoteyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haziz","family":"Sina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justinian Andrei","family":"Tomescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Development Patents Department, Hofigal Export Import S.A., No. 2 Intrarea Serelor Street, District 4, 042124 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6158-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kouassi Jean-Michel","family":"Akpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 06 BP 2584, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime Machioud","family":"Sangare-Oumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 06 BP 2584, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolphe","family":"Adjanohoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du B\u00e9nin, Cotonou 01 BP 284, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olubukola Oluranti","family":"Babalola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3376-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Vamanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti Blvd, 1 District, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamine","family":"Baba-Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C849","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00283.2008","article-title":"Radical-Free Biology of Oxidative Stress","volume":"295","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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