{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:17:27Z","timestamp":1792034247288,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umm Al-Qura University","award":["25UQU4331312GSSR01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25UQU4331312GSSR01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nephrolepis exaltata (sword fern) possesses a considerable amount of phytochemicals and different biological activities. The current study investigates the anti-biofilm potential of greenly synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles of Nephrolepis exaltata leaf methanol extract (NEME-MnO2-MgO BNPs). Methods: The NEME was subjected to UPLC\/MS analysis, followed by characterization of its NPs by size, zeta potential, FTIR, entrapment efficiency, and release. Then, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm assays were employed, followed by in silico studies. Results: The UPLC\/MS analysis of NEME led to the tentative identification of 27 metabolites, mostly phenolics. The MnO2-MgO BNPs presented a uniform size and distribution and exhibited IC50 values of 350 and 215.6 \u03bcg\/mL, in the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Moreover, the NPs exhibited antimicrobial and anti-biofilm efficacies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC-9633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-6538), Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and C. albicans, with MIC values of 250\u2013500 \u03bcg\/mL. The MnO2-MgO BNPs inhibited Candida albicans biofilms with a % inhibition of 66.83 \u00b1 2.45% at 1\/2 MIC. The network pharmacology highlighted epigallocatechin and hyperoside to be the major compounds responsible for the anti-biofilm potential. The ASKCOS facilitated the prediction of the redox transformations that occurred in the green synthesis, while the docking analysis revealed enhanced binding affinities of the oxidized forms of both compounds towards the outer membrane porin OprD of P. aeruginosa, with binding scores of \u22124.6547 and \u22125.7701 kcal\/mol., respectively. Conclusions: The greenly synthesized Nephrolepis exaltata bimetallic nanoparticles may provide a promising, eco-friendly, and sustainable source for antimicrobial agents of natural origin with potential biofilm inhibition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:25:57Z","timestamp":1756189557000},"page":"1262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sustainable MnO2\/MgO Bimetallic Nanoparticles Capped with Sword Fern Methanol Extract Attain Antioxidant\/Anti-Biofilm Potential: A UPLC-ESI\/LC\/MS and Network Pharmacology-Supported Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3162-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esraa A.","family":"Elhawary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3211-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raya","family":"Soltane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 00964, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2410-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer Morsy","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7937-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Kut, Wasit 52001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Maher","family":"Zahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves dos Santos, J., Fernandes, C.C., and Dantas Miranda, M.L. 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