{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:15:28Z","timestamp":1790709328414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01DK123001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK123001"]}]},{"name":"Attralus, Inc. as part of a research agreement with the University of Tennessee Health Science Center","award":["R01DK123001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK123001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Polybasic peptides are being developed as components of reagents for diagnosing and treating patients with systemic amyloidosis. In addition to fibrils, amyloid deposits ubiquitously contain heparan sulfate proteoglycans. We have hypothesized that pan amyloid-targeting peptides can specifically engage, in addition to fibrils, a subset of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with high negative charge density. In this study, we characterized the binding of peptides p5+14 (a PET imaging agent for amyloid [124I-evuzamitide]) and p5R (a fusion protein used in the therapeutic AT-02) to GAGs. Methods: The peptide structure was evaluated in the presence of low molecular weight heparin using circular dichroism, and their interaction with synthetic GAGs of varying length and charge was interrogated. The binding patterns of p5+14 and p5R were compared using correlation analyses. Results: The peptides exist as mixed structural-fractions in solution but adopt an \u03b1-helical structure in the presence of heparin. Both peptides preferentially recognize heparin and heparan sulfate GAGs with a linear positive correlation between binding and the total charge and charge density. Conclusions: These peptides have previously been shown to specifically target amyloid deposits in vivo. A component of this specificity is their preferential interaction with a subset of heparan sulfate GAGs that have high charge density, potentially related to the degree of 6-O-sulfation. These data support the hypotheses that amyloid-associated GAGs have unique sulfation patterns, thereby explaining why these peptides do not bind GAGs found on the plasma membrane and extracellular matrix of healthy tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:06:32Z","timestamp":1757318792000},"page":"1340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pan-Amyloid Reactive Peptides p5+14 and p5R Exhibit Specific Charge-Dependent Binding to Glycosaminoglycans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3353-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor J.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4993-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily B.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2018.1549825","article-title":"Amyloid nomenclature 2018: Recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) nomenclature committee","volume":"25","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13169","article-title":"Systemic amyloidosis from A (AA) to T (ATTR): A review","volume":"289","author":"Muchtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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