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Arag\u00f3n","award":["B16_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B16_23R"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Social Europeo-Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","award":["B59_23D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B59_23D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent bacteria in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Multidrug-resistant strain emergence, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), highlights the need for alternative treatments. Objectives: This study investigates the antimicrobial properties of olive leaf extract (OLE) and describes an epidemiological profiling of patients with SSTI who may benefit from it. Methods: OLE was tested in two reference strains, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 29213 and MRSA ATCC 700699, and in 126 clinical isolates from patients with SSTIs according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 3.12% to 6.25% w\/v for MSSA and 1.56% to 3.12% for MRSA. The lethal curve showed a reduction of 6 log10CFU\/mL after two hours of incubation. Most of the 126 clinical samples (103 MSSA and 23 MRSA) came from skin lesions, surgical wounds, and ulcers. Over 90% of MSSA strains were resistant to less than five antibiotics, while 82% of MRSA strains were resistant to more than six. Penicillins demonstrated the lowest susceptibility rate (19.8%), whereas linezolid, daptomycin, pristinamycin, trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, vancomycin, and OLE exhibited 100% susceptibility. No growth was observed for all clinical strains with OLE at \u22656.25% w\/v. Conclusions: The findings suggest that OLE could become a promising alternative treatment for skin infections, particularly in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"1358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity and Potential of Olive Leaf Extract as a Topical Agent to Combat Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Strains: An In Vitro Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Clusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Dermatology and Photobiology B59_23fD, Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Latorre-Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Milagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5263-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Tristancho-Bar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Lechuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Fortu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"del Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4476-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Asensio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Mart\u00edn-Belloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology Engineering and Science, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Agrotecnio\u2014CERCA Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3753-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Odriozola-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology Engineering and Science, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Agrotecnio\u2014CERCA Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8100-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Beamonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8251-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Osada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rezusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infections Difficult to Diagnose and Treat, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Gilaberte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Dermatology and Photobiology B59_23fD, Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gehrke, A.-K.E., Giai, C., and G\u00f3mez, M.I. 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