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Orally administered drugs face significant challenges as they traverse the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and are subject to first-pass GIT metabolism. Physiological conditions encountered in the GIT such as food effects, hormones, gastric pH, emptying time, and intestinal transit time vary widely across individuals. Fluid composition and enzymatic activity in the small intestine and large bowel also influence drug dissolution and absorption. These factors in conjunction with the intestinal cohort of bacteria can metabolize drugs before absorption, contributing to poor and variable drug bioavailability, which can be exacerbated by gut dysbiosis. Drug delivery that bypasses the oral-GIT route and hence first-pass metabolism offers a plausible solution for enhanced safety and drug efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"1385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanotechnology for the Efficacious Delivery of Medicinal Cannabis and Pharmaceutical Medicines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7490-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Vitetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia"},{"name":"Company|Virile Group Level 24, 1 O\u2019Connell Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"},{"name":"Company|Medlab Group, 54 Royal Albert Cres, Paradise Point, QLD 4216, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy David","family":"Henson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Company|Virile Group Level 24, 1 O\u2019Connell Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"},{"name":"Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Company|Virile Group Level 24, 1 O\u2019Connell Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9934-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rutolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Company|Medlab Group, 54 Royal Albert Cres, Paradise Point, QLD 4216, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Company|Medlab Group, 54 Royal Albert Cres, Paradise Point, QLD 4216, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618411","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.618411","article-title":"Advances in Oral Drug Delivery","volume":"12","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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