{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:22:24Z","timestamp":1785446544407,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"RA-TB\/CFATR\/LHC multiannual research program 2023\u20132025"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) using polyethene glycol (PEG)-coated magnetoresponsive nanoclusters (MNCs) can localize therapeutics, but washout from high-shear arterial flow limits efficacy. This study assesses how PEG molecular weight influences MNC deposition and washout resistance under a pulsatile flow. Methods: Magnetite MNCs were synthesized via solvothermal polyol reactions and PEGylated with PEG-2000, PEG-6000, or PEG-10,000. Characterization included TEM, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, TGA, XPS, magnetic analysis, and rheology. In vitro assays used a 3 mm diameter glass phantom with pulsatile flow (0.10\u20130.45 m\/s, 1 Hz) and a rectangular NdFeB (N35) permanent magnet (30 \u00d7 20 \u00d7 20 mm, 0.45 T) positioned 11 mm from the vessel wall. Washout performance was quantified by obstruction degree (OD), magnet coverage degree (MCd), washout degree (WD), washout rate constant (kout), and half-life (\u03c41\/2). Results: MNC-6000 balanced magnetic responsiveness (Ms = 72 emu\/g), colloidal stability (\u03b6 = +13.1 mV), and hydrodynamic size (535 nm), yielding superior retention (MCd = 72.3%, OD = 19.6%, WD = 17.9%, \u03c41\/2 = 6.93 min). MNC-2000 exhibited faster loss (kout = 0.14 min\u22121, \u03c41\/2 = 4.95 min), while MNC-10,000 produced higher OD (\u224853%) with embolic risk. Magnetic mapping indicated vessel wall thresholds of B \u2265 0.18 T and \u2207B \u2265 10 T\/m for stable capture. Limitations: Limitations of this work include the use of a single-magnet geometry, an in vitro phantom model without endothelial biology, and a maximum targeting depth of ~12\u201314 mm. Conclusions: The PEG molecular weight modulates MDT performance through its effects on nanocluster stability, deposition morphology, and washout kinetics. The proposed OD, MCd, and WD metrics provide clinically relevant endpoints for optimizing MDT nanoparticle design and magnet configurations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1758114182000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of PEG Molecular Weight on Washout Resistance and Deposition Efficiency of Magnetoresponsive Nanoclusters Under Pulsatile Flow for Magnetic Drug Targeting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-5376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandor I.","family":"Bernad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy\u2014Timisoara Branch, Mihai Viteazul Str. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Engineering of Systems with Complex Fluids, Politehnica University Timisoara, Mihai Viteazul Str. 1, RO-300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1084-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena S.","family":"Bernad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Laparoscopy, Laparoscopic Surgery and In Vitro Fertilization, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laparoscopy, In Vitro Fertilization and Embryotransfer Research Center, Pius Brinzeu County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Neuropsychology and Behavioral Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-1127-5","article-title":"Capture Efficiency of Biocompatible Magnetic Nanoparticles in Arterial Flow: A Computer Simulation for Magnetic Drug Targeting","volume":"10","author":"Lunnoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. 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