{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:32:26Z","timestamp":1792607546214,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Biological therapies have emerged as targeted treatments for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), yet direct comparisons between agents remain limited. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to evaluate and rank the efficacy and safety of biological therapies for CRSwNP in adult patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and NMA of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing biological therapies for CRSwNP. A literature search was conducted through July 2025. Eligible RCTs compared approved or investigational biologics with a placebo and reported clinical, functional, or safety outcomes in adults with CRSwNP. The mean differences (MDs) in the least-squares mean change from baseline were used for continuous outcomes, and odds ratios (ORs) were used for binary outcomes. A frequentist random-effects model was used to estimate pooled effects and treatment rankings. SUCRA values and rank probabilities were derived to determine the relative efficacy and safety. Results: A total of 22 RCTs (46 reports; 4068 patients) evaluating eight biologics were included. Dupilumab consistently ranked among the top three agents across most efficacy outcomes, including nasal polyp score (NPS), nasal congestion score (NCS), SNOT-22, UPSIT, and endoscopic scores. CM310 and Tezepelumab also demonstrated strong performance in objective and symptom-based outcomes. For responder outcomes, CM310 was ranked best in minimal clinically important differences across multiple domains. PF-06817024 ranked best in minimizing any adverse events and serious adverse events. The placebo ranked worst across nearly all endpoints. Conclusions: Dupilumab, CM31 0, and Tezepelumab exhibit the most favorable efficacy profiles across multiple CRSwNP domains, while all drugs show a nearly similar safety profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1759132832000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optimizing Biologic Treatment Selection in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: A Network Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety Across 22 RCTs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa","family":"Safia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Rhinology Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 1311001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Khater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Rhinology Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 1311001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Abd Elhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Rhinology Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 1311001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Merchavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Rhinology Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 1311001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Rhinology Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Safed 1311001, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.758","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with CRSwNP with intensely high eosinophil level","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01154-w","article-title":"Systematic Review of Long Term Sinonasal Outcomes in CRSwNP after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A call for Unified and Standardized Criteria and Terms","volume":"24","author":"Arancibia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.08.007","article-title":"Asthma is the dominant factor for recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"8","author":"Sella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"149","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Corso, E., Bil\u00f2, M.B., Matucci, A., Seccia, V., Braido, F., Gelardi, M., Heffler, E., Latorre, M., Malvezzi, L., and Pelaia, G. (2022). Personalized management of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in clinical practice: A multidisciplinary consensus statement. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050846"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.029","article-title":"Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)","volume":"149","author":"Scadding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.09.009","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies and aspirin desensitization for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Oykhman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"576","article-title":"Mepolizumab in CRSwNP\/ECRS and NP: The phase III randomised MERIT trial in Japan, China, and Russia","volume":"62","author":"Fujieda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414482","article-title":"Tezepelumab in adults with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"392","author":"Lipworth","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.17116\/otorino20228804146","article-title":"Experience with dupilumab in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"88","author":"Boiko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vestn. Otorinolaringol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-209567","article-title":"Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews","volume":"37","author":"Janati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","article-title":"Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817","article-title":"Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.047","article-title":"Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma","volume":"131","author":"Gevaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.08.021","article-title":"Effects of Reslizumab on Asthma Outcomes in a Subgroup of Eosinophilic Asthma Patients with Self-Reported Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","volume":"7","author":"Weinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.05.031","article-title":"Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps","volume":"118","author":"Gevaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924211009429","article-title":"A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Benralizumab, a Humanized Anti-IL-5R Alpha Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients with Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"35","author":"Takabayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4103\/ejo.ejo_19_19","article-title":"Anti-immunoglobulin E therapy: Is it a valid option for the management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis?","volume":"35","author":"Wahba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13852","article-title":"Benralizumab effect on severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP): A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Tversky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.07.056","article-title":"Mepolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 mAb, as a treatment option for severe nasal polyposis","volume":"128","author":"Gevaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.044","article-title":"Reduced need for surgery in severe nasal polyposis with mepolizumab: Randomized trial","volume":"140","author":"Bachert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2360","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of PF-06817024 in Healthy Participants, Participants with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps, and Participants with Atopic Dermatitis: A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"64","author":"Danto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin16.314","article-title":"The effect of systemic treatments on periostin expression reflects their interference with the eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"55","author":"Derycke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.03.023","article-title":"Dupilumab improves patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and comorbid asthma","volume":"7","author":"Bachert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14051","article-title":"Responder analysis to demonstrate the effect of targeting type 2 inflammatory mechanisms with dupilumab across objective and patient-reported endpoints for patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 studies","volume":"52","author":"Bachert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16087","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of benralizumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled OSTRO trial","volume":"90","author":"Emson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.032","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in nasal polyposis: 2 randomized phase 3 trials","volume":"146","author":"Gevaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.07.045","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of omalizumab for nasal polyposis in an open-label extension study","volume":"149","author":"Gevaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924211030486","article-title":"Defining the Efficacy of Omalizumab in Nasal Polyposis: A POLYP 1 and POLYP 2 Subgroup Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Damask","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29911","article-title":"Dupilumab in CRSwNP: Responder Analysis Using Clinically Meaningful Efficacy Outcome Thresholds","volume":"132","author":"Chuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23322","article-title":"Omalizumab improves sleep and health status for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: An analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"14","author":"Meltzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.11.001","article-title":"Omalizumab improves sinonasal outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps regardless of allergic status","volume":"132","author":"Gevaert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S363527","article-title":"Improvement in Health-Related Quality of Life with Dupilumab in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Asthma with Comorbid Chronic Rhinosinusitis with\/without Nasal Polyps: An Analysis of the QUEST Study","volume":"15","author":"Hopkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106938","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy in subgroups of type 2 asthma with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids at baseline","volume":"202","author":"Bourdin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107344","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy in high sleep disturbance management among patients with type 2 asthma","volume":"218","author":"Maspero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"301","article-title":"Dupilumab reduces systemic corticosteroid use and sinonasal surgery rate in CRSwNP","volume":"59","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.09.037","article-title":"Olfactory Outcomes with Dupilumab in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","volume":"10","author":"Mullol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14906","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps from SINUS-52 is unaffected by eosinophilic status","volume":"77","author":"Fujieda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15222","article-title":"Dupilumab improves health related quality of life: Results from the phase 3 SINUS studies","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.08.030","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of benralizumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"149","author":"Bachert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894231176334","article-title":"Effect of Dupilumab on Type 2 Biomarkers in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: SINUS-52 Study Results","volume":"132","author":"Bachert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S420140","article-title":"Dupilumab Reduces Asthma Disease Burden and Recurrent SCS Use in Patients with CRSwNP and Coexisting Asthma","volume":"17","author":"Gurnell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2021.07.003","article-title":"Reconstruction of proximal pole scaphoid non-union with avascular necrosis using proximal hamate: A four-case series","volume":"40","author":"Saruhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"108","article-title":"Evaluating treatment response to mepolizumab in patients with severe CRSwNP","volume":"61","author":"Hopkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.08.015","article-title":"Mepolizumab Reduces Systemic Corticosteroid Use in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","volume":"11","author":"Chupp","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23219","article-title":"Sustained efficacy of mepolizumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: SYNAPSE 24-week treatment-free follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.19330","article-title":"Effect of Subcutaneous Dupilumab on Nasal Polyp Burden in Patients with Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"315","author":"Bachert","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13685","article-title":"Dupilumab reduces local type 2 pro-inflammatory biomarkers in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"74","author":"Jonstam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"10","article-title":"Dupilumab reduces opacification across all sinuses and related symptoms in patients with CRSwNP","volume":"58","author":"Bachert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13984","article-title":"Dupilumab improves health-related quality of life in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"75","author":"Bachert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16499","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Biologics for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: A Meta-Analysis of Real-World Evidence","volume":"80","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22473","article-title":"The role of biologics in chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820939964","article-title":"Role of biologics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: State of the art review","volume":"164","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12269","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12269","article-title":"Comparative short-term efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery and biological therapies in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2218617","article-title":"Evaluation of switching or simultaneous use of biologic treatment in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and severe asthma. Considerations in clinical decision making","volume":"19","author":"Otten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-023-00543-5","article-title":"Mepolizumab improvements in health-related quality of life and disease symptoms in a patient population with very severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Psychometric and efficacy analyses from the SYNAPSE study","volume":"7","author":"Fokkens","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Patient-Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14902","article-title":"Benralizumab improves symptoms of patients with severe, eosinophilic asthma with a diagnosis of nasal polyposis","volume":"77","author":"Canonica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102076","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CM310 in severe eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CROWNS-1): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S413064","article-title":"Tezepelumab Efficacy in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma with Comorbid Nasal Polyps in NAVIGATOR","volume":"16","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14526","article-title":"Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S243053","article-title":"Dupilumab: Clinical efficacy of blocking IL-4\/IL-13 signalling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"14","author":"Kariyawasam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.06.032","article-title":"Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell Fc\u03b5RI expression and function","volume":"114","author":"Beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203767","article-title":"Role of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis in switching to benralizumab treatment in mepolizumab responders","volume":"58","author":"Hamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00226-5","article-title":"Effect of tezepelumab on airway inflammatory cells, remodelling, and hyperresponsiveness in patients with moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma (CASCADE): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"9","author":"Diver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110721","article-title":"Stapokibart (CM310) targets IL-4R\u03b1 for the treatment of type 2 inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14809","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A systematic review for the EAACI guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Agache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23234","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) treated with omalizumab, dupilumab, or mepolizumab: A systematic review of the current knowledge towards an attempt to compare agents\u2019 efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Papacharalampous","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.12.001","article-title":"Biologics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"124","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2019.100050","article-title":"Biologics for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps-state of the art","volume":"12","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S467250","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and biologics: A call for better data standardisation and presentation in clinical studies","volume":"21","author":"Kariyawasam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/10\/1455\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T04:21:40Z","timestamp":1759206100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/10\/1455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18101455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18101455","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]}}}