{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:39:30Z","timestamp":1759365570618,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Allophylus edulis, known as \u201cvacum\u201d, is popularly used in Brazil for treating inflammatory diseases, though no scientific evidence supports the anti-inflammatory activity of its leaf infusion. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the lyophilized infusion (ILAE) of A. edulis leaves, as well as the pharmacological effects of its hydromethanolic fraction (HMf) and the isolated compound vitexin 2\u2033-O-rhamnoside (AE-1). Histochemical analyses of the leaves and in silico toxicity prediction of AE-1 were also performed. Methods: Fresh leaves were used for histochemical analysis and preparation of ILAE. The infusion was fractionated into n-hexane (Hf), ethyl acetate (EAf), and HMf fractions. Total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric methods. AE-1 was obtained from HMf through chromatographic methods and was evaluated by the ProTox model in relation to toxicity predictions (in silico). Anti-inflammatory effects of ILAE (3, 30, 100 mg\/kg), HMf (3, 30 mg\/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg\/kg) were evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema, pleurisy, and CFA-induced inflammation in mice. Results: ILAE and its fractions were rich in total phenols (\u2264177 mg GAE\/g) and showed potent antioxidant activity. Histochemical analysis revealed leaf secretory structures. AE-1 showed no hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or cytotoxic effects in silico. All doses of ILAE and HMf reduced edema, hyperalgesia, and leukocyte migration. ILAE (30 mg\/kg), HMf (30 mg\/kg), and AE-1 (3 mg\/kg) reduced CFA-induced inflammatory responses. Conclusions: ILAE contains polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperalgesic properties, supporting the traditional use of A. edulis and its potential in inflammation-related therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:58:13Z","timestamp":1759305493000},"page":"1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Secretory Structures, Chemical Composition, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. &amp; Cambess.) Radlk Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3269-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidney Mariano dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janaine Alberto Marangoni","family":"Faoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Cruz de Oliveira","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisangela dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8998-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Candida Aparecida Leite","family":"Kassuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zefa Valdevina","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0603-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valter Paes de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2199-4572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Dias","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Manfron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia Laiz Benites","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4907-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Andrea","family":"Lima Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies in Natural Resources, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosilda Mara","family":"Mussury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anelise Samara Nazari","family":"Formagio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Chemical and Pharmaceutical Studies on Medicinal Plants in Paraguay. 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