{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:21:48Z","timestamp":1789341708198,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cathay","award":["CGH-MR-A11218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGH-MR-A11218"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Morphine is a widely used analgesic for severe pain, but tolerance is a major challenge in long-term pain management. This study examined the potential of Daflon\u00ae to enhance morphine\u2019s pain-relieving effects and to reduce tolerance in a rat model with neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve transection (PSNT). Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: (1) Sham + Saline, (2) PSNT + Saline, (3) PSNT + morphine, (4) PSNT + Daflon, and (5) PSNT + morphine + Daflon. Morphine tolerance was induced through continuous intrathecal infusion (15 \u00b5g\/\u00b5L\/h, i.t.) for 7 days, starting on day 7 post-PSNT, while Daflon was administered orally (50 mg\/kg\/day, oral) for 7 days. Pain relief was assessed using tail-flick and paw withdrawal on days 1, 4, and 7 after osmotic pump implantation. Spinal cords were collected for immunohistochemistry to analyze glial expression, and serum biomarkers (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-10) were measured to evaluate neuroinflammation. Results: The results showed that oral Daflon significantly enhanced morphine\u2019s analgesic effects, evidenced by improved pain thresholds in all behavioral tests. Moreover, Daflon reduced morphine tolerance. Mechanistically, Daflon upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and activated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), reducing oxidative stress and modulating neuroinflammation through glial regulation. Combining morphine and Daflon reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) and enhances anti-inflammatory IL-10 serum level, showing a synergistic effect in managing neuropathic pain with greater efficacy and lower drug dependence. Histology and immunohistochemistry evaluations further confirmed that morphine and Daflon co-treatment substantially reduced mononuclear cell infiltration, astrocyte activation (as indicated by GFAP expression), and microglial activation (as indicated by Iba-1 expression) compared to single treatment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dual therapy synergistically targets both oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, leading to stronger neuroprotection and pain relief. Importantly, the combination approach may allow for lower opioid dosages, minimizing the risks of opioid-related side effects. Overall, morphine and Daflon co-administration offers a promising and safer strategy for managing neuropathic pain and preserving spinal cord integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1760002862000},"page":"1513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Daflon Enhances Morphine Analgesia and Mitigates Tolerance in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0183-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesh Kumar","family":"Mende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5018-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaswanth","family":"Kuthati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Yi","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Shung","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106438, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical University, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1934578X1300800435","article-title":"Diosmin\u2014Isolation Techniques, Determination in Plant Material and Pharmaceutical Formulations, and Clinical Use","volume":"8","author":"Feldo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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