{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T10:50:57Z","timestamp":1789296657261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002641","name":"Konkuk University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Neuroinflammatory mechanisms, primarily mediated by activated microglia, play a key role in the progression of conditions such as mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Rubus occidentalis (R. occidentalis), a black-fruited raspberry native to North America, is reported to possess antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of a 100% ethanol extract from premature R. occidentalis fruits (ROE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and a scopolamine-induced amnesic mouse model. Methods: C57BL\/6N mice were orally administered ROE (100 or 200 mg\/kg\/b.w.) and donepezil (DNZ, 5 mg\/kg) for 9 days and intraperitoneally injected with scopolamine (2 mg\/kg\/b.w.) for two days. Spatial learning and cognitive function were assessed using the Y-maze and Morris water maze tests. Protein and mRNA levels were examined both in vitro and in vivo through Western blotting and RT-PCR analysis. Results: In vitro, ROE improved cell viability and reduced nitric oxide overproduction in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation and degradation of I\u03baB-\u03b1 (thereby limiting NF-\u03baB p65 nuclear translocation), and suppressed phosphorylation of MAPK signaling components. In vivo, ROE administration enhanced spatial learning and memory in scopolamine-treated C57BL\/6N mice, increased hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated CREB, and reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest that ROE possesses neuroprotective properties mediated by inhibition of NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling, promotion of CREB\/BDNF pathways, and amelioration of neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. Thus, ROE may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for neuroinflammatory disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:17:02Z","timestamp":1760617022000},"page":"1557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rubus occidentalis Ethanol Extract Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia and Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ga-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yon-Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohmina","family":"Afroze Bondhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rengasamy","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hyuk","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Wung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gochang Food & Industry Institute, Gochang 56417, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo-Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Kug","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"700","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures","volume":"18","author":"Gaugler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, R., Park, J.-Y., Cho, D.-Y., Ahn, J.-Y., Yoo, D.-S., Seol, S.-H., Yoon, S.-H., and Choi, D.-K. (2023). AD\u22121 Small Molecule Improves Learning and Memory Function in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Mice Model through Regulation of CREB\/BDNF and NF-\u03baB\/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030648"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-022-00216-8","article-title":"Therapeutic Non-Invasive Brain Treatments in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Zeng, Y., Wang, D., Li, Y., Xing, J., Zeng, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, X., and Fan, H. (2024). Neuroinflammation of microglial regulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Therapeutic approaches. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071478"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Liu, F., and Zhang, M. (2024). Therapeutic potential of plant-derived natural compounds in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117235"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.04.027","article-title":"The Muscarinic Antagonists Scopolamine and Atropine Are Competitive Antagonists at 5-HT 3 Receptors","volume":"108","author":"Lochner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falsafi, S.K., Deli, A., H\u00f6ger, H., Pollak, A., and Lubec, G. (2012). Scopolamine Administration Modulates Muscarinic, Nicotinic and NMDA Receptor Systems. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032082"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, R., Kim, Y.S., Kang, S.I., and Choi, D.K. (2025). Green oat cognitaven\u00ae attenuates mild cognitive impairment by activating the CREB\/BDNF\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway and modulating NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling. Biomed. Pharmacother., 189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118295"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35558","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16009","article-title":"cAMP\/PKA-CREB-BDNF Signaling Pathway in Hippocampus Mediates Cyclooxygenase 2-Induced Learning\/Memory Deficits of Rats Subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzypczak-Wiercioch, A., and Sa\u0142at, K. (2022). Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Model of Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms of Action, Research Application and Future Directions for Its Use. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175481"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1308-0","article-title":"Ibrutinib Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglial Cells and Wild-Type Mice","volume":"15","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2016.1115095","article-title":"Rubus Occidentalis: The Black Raspberry\u2014Its Potential in the Prevention of Cancer","volume":"68","author":"Kula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Q., Manghwar, H., and Hu, W. (2022). Study on Supergenus rubus L.: Edible, Medicinal, and Phylogenetic Characterization. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091211"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, A., Munir, S., Badshah, S.L., Khan, N., Ghani, L., Poulson, B.G., Emwas, A.-H., and Jaremko, M. (2020). Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225243"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.10.014","article-title":"Effects of Rubus occidentalis extract on blood pressure in patients with prehypertension: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.J., Park, E.O., Chae, S.W., Lee, S.O., Kwon, J.W., You, J.H., and Kim, Y.G. (2023). Effects of unripe black raspberry extract supplementation on male climacteric syndrome and voiding dysfunction: A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153313"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano, A., Turowski, P., Ettcheto, M., Duskey, J.T., Tosi, G., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Garc\u00eda, M.L., Camins, A., Souto, E.B., and Ruiz, A. (2021). Nanomedicine-Based Technologies and Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Current to Future Challenges. J. Nanobiotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00864-x"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"210","article-title":"The Role and Place of Medicinal Plants in the Strategies for Disease Prevention","volume":"10","author":"Sofowora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Trad. Compl. Alt. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.942-964.2004","article-title":"Role of Microglia in Central Nervous System Infections","volume":"17","author":"Rock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zong, S., Cui, X., Wang, X., Wu, S., Wang, L., Liu, Y., and Lu, Z. (2023). The Effects of Microglia-Associated Neuroinflammation on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1117172"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MO00063J","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of myristic acid mediated by the NF-\u03baB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Omics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6","article-title":"The semantics of microglia activation: Neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress","volume":"18","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114810","article-title":"Pentadecyl\u00ae, an odd-chain-rich triglyceride mixture derived from Aurantiochytrium oil, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production in BV-2 microglial cells","volume":"158","author":"Tsuruta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Huang, W., Liang, M., Shi, Y., Zhang, C., Li, Q., Liu, M., Shou, Y., Yin, H., and Zhu, X. (2018). (+)-JQ1 attenuated LPS-induced microglial inflammation via MAPK\/NF\u03baB signaling. Cell Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-018-0258-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14454","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14454","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell\u2014Derived exosomes attenuate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through the NRF2\/NF\u2014\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"30","author":"Che","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.W., Jo, S.W., Kim, D.E., Paik, I.Y., and Balakrishnan, R. (2024). Aerobic exercise attenuates LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress, glial activation, and neuroinflammation. Redox Biol., 71.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103101"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00615.x","article-title":"Cilostazol Is Anti\u2014Inflammatory in BV2 Microglial Cells by Inactivating Nuclear factor\u2014kappaB and Inhibiting Mitogen\u2014Activated Protein Kinases","volume":"159","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577269","article-title":"Involvement of NF\u0199B and MAPK Signaling Pathways in the Preventive Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum on the Inflammation of BV-2 microglia Cells Induced by LPS","volume":"345","author":"Hilliard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105090","article-title":"Map kinase signaling as therapeutic target for neurodegeneration","volume":"160","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.02.004","article-title":"Targeting the TLR4 signaling pathway by polyphenols: A novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Rahimifard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-0003-y","article-title":"The role of PI3K\/Akt and ERK in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"35","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2023.105652","article-title":"Cocktail of three isoquinoline alkaloids derived from Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & A. Huet subsp. refractum (N\u00e1belek) Mory inhibits the production of LPS-induced ROS, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mediators through the down-regulation of p38 MAPK in BV-2 cells","volume":"170","author":"Dolanbay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2025.105946","article-title":"The novel peptide DBCH reduces LPS-stimulated NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling in BV-2 microglia and ameliorates cognitive impairment in scopolamine-treated mice by modulating BDNF\/CREB","volume":"185","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.W., Im, J.H., and Balakrishnan, R. (2025). Paeoniflorin exercise-mimetic potential regulates the Nrf2\/HO-1\/BDNF\/CREB and APP\/BACE-1\/NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling pathways to reduce cognitive impairments and neuroinflammation in amnesic mouse model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118299"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-023-01185-6","article-title":"Betanin mitigates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment by restoring cholinergic function, boosting brain antioxidative status, and increasing BDNF level in the zebrafish model","volume":"49","author":"Thawkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1764290","article-title":"Phytol loaded PLGA nanoparticles ameliorate scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction by attenuating cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in Wistar rat","volume":"25","author":"Sathya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.02.023","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment via protecting against demyelination through BDNF-TrkB signaling in the mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"285","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2003.03.001","article-title":"Age-related myelin breakdown: A developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1284970","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions","volume":"14","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.031377.113","article-title":"Growth Factor Signaling and Memory Formation: Temporal and Spatial Integration of a Molecular Network","volume":"20","author":"Kopec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"188","article-title":"Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Neurons","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan, R., Kim, Y.-S., Kim, G.-W., Kim, W.-J., Hong, S.-M., Kim, C.-G., and Choi, D.-K. (2023). Standardized Extract of Glehnia Littoralis Abrogates Memory Impairment and Neuroinflammation by Regulation of CREB\/BDNF and NF-\u03baB\/MAPK Signaling in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Mice Model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115106"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2325227","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects a combined polyphenolic-rich herbal extract in healthy middle-aged adults\u2013a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Best","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamies, D., Sartori, C., Schvartz, D., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ruiz, V., Pellerin, L., Nunes, C., Tavel, D., Maillard, V., Boccard, J., and Rudaz, S. (2012). Neuroinflammatory response to TNF\u03b1 and IL1\u03b2 cytokines is accompanied by an increase in glycolysis in human astrocytes in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084065"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, S., Shah, F.A., Naeem, K., Nadeem, H., Sarwar, S., Ashraf, Z., Imran, M., Khan, T., Anwar, T., and Li, S. (2020). Succinamide derivatives ameliorate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in scopolamine-induced neurodegeneration. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030443"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810235","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 modulate blood-brain barrier permeability and decrease amyloid-\u03b2 peptide efflux in a human blood-brain barrier model","volume":"23","author":"Versele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M.C., Soares, K.D., Beltrame, B.M., Toson, N.S.B., Do Carmo, B., Pimentel, M., Bordignon, S.A.L., Apel, M.A., Mendez, A.S.L., and Henriques, A.T. (2021). Polyphenolic Composition and in Vitro Antihypertensive and Anti\u2014Inflammatory Effects of Cuphea Lindmaniana and Cuphea Urbaniana. Chem. Biodivers., 18.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100041"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashchenko, N.I., Olennikov, D.N., and Chirikova, N.K. (2021). Metabolites of Siberian Raspberries: LC-MS Profile, Seasonal Variation, Antioxidant Activity and, Thermal Stability of Rubus Matsumuranus Phenolome. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112317"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10018","article-title":"Ginkgolide B Alleviates the Inflammatory Response and Attenuates the Activation of LPS\u2014Induced BV2 Cells in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, G.J., Kang, H., Lee, O.H., and Kwon, J.W. (2023). Effect of immature Rubus occidentalis on postoperative pain in a rat model. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020264"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, G.J., Kang, H., Lee, O.H., Ahn, E.J., White, F.A., Cho, Y.J., Baek, C.W., Jung, Y.H., and Kwon, J.W. (2022). Effectiveness of maturity of Rubus occidentalis on hyperalgesia induced by acidic saline injection in rats. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03491-z"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/10\/1557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T12:43:00Z","timestamp":1760618580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/10\/1557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18101557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18101557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}