{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:31:49Z","timestamp":1791077509267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UID\/50011\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50011\/2025"]}]},{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic infections remain a major global health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings where they are closely tied to poverty and inadequate sanitation. The increasing emergence of drug resistance and the limited accessibility of current therapies highlight the urgent need for novel, safe, and affordable alternatives. Mangifera indica L. (mango), a widely cultivated fruit tree deeply rooted in traditional medicine, has long been used to treat conditions symptomatic of parasitic diseases, including fever, diarrhea, and dysentery. Phytochemical investigations have revealed a rich spectrum of bioactive compounds, notably mangiferin, phenolic compounds and terpenoids, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. This review critically synthesizes evidence on the antiparasitic potential of M. indica against protozoa, such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, and free-living amoebae, as well as helminths. Strongest evidence exists for malaria and helminth infections, where both crude extracts and isolated compounds demonstrated significant activity in vitro and in vivo. Encouraging but limited findings are available for leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, while data on toxoplasmosis and amoebiasis remain largely speculative. Variations in efficacy across studies are influenced by plant parts and extraction methods, with ethanolic extracts and mangiferin often showing superior results. Despite promising findings, mechanistic studies, standardized methodologies, toxicological evaluations, and clinical trials are scarce. Future research should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms, exploring synergistic interactions with existing drugs, and leveraging advanced delivery systems to enhance bioavailability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:18:54Z","timestamp":1760948334000},"page":"1576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Review on Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, and Antiparasitic Potential of Mangifera indica L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6171-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Zhi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Xin","family":"Lor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jing","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolghasem","family":"Siyadatpadah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad 9691833181, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chooi-Ling","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4393-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roghayeh","family":"Norouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 516661647, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7090-4812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, IILM University, Greater Noida 201310, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenn-Chyau","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*IDL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragini","family":"Bodade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati 781035, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1673-8021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo-Jie","family":"Brandon-Mong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan V.","family":"Labana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Sciences, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila 1008, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tajudeen O.","family":"Jimoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajoy Kumar","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi 110030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0116-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadesse","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanmuga S.","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, VMRF (DU), Chennai 603104, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1598-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjum","family":"Sherasiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulshan Park, NH-8A, Chandrapur Road, Dist. 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