{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T04:34:50Z","timestamp":1761194090485,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of the Canary Islands","award":["ProID202401003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProID202401003"]}]},{"name":"PROMOTUR Turismo de Canarias"},{"name":"PROMOTUR_SP3: \u201cIslas Canarias, naturaleza marina singular: Salud y bienestar\u201d"},{"name":"European Union NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. This disease is associated with an increased susceptibility to HIV and HPV infections. Currently, resistance to metronidazole (MTZ), the main drug used for treatment, has been reported in up to 9.6% of cases; additionally, the compound is also associated with adverse side effects. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new treatment options. Objective: In this study, we investigated for the first time the in vitro and in silico activity against T. vaginalis of betulin and stigmasterol isolated from Tagetes nelsonii Greenm, as well as their hemolytic activity. Methods: Plant specimen was collected in Chiapas, Mexico. Hexane and methanol extracts were prepared through sonication-assisted maceration. The antiprotozoal and hemolytic activities were evaluated in vitro against Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites and human erythrocytes. The most active extract was fractionated using chromatographic techniques in a bioassay-guided study. The active metabolites were identified by 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and their biological activity was further assessed in silico against lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) methionine gamma-lyase (MGL) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) T. vaginalis enzymes. Results: Both triterpenes showed anti-trichomonal activity and no hemolytic activity at 100 \u00b5g\/mL. Molecular docking studies predicted promising interactions of triterpenes with T. vaginalis drug target proteins, TvpFOR and TvLDH. Conclusions: Our results revealed that betulin and stigmasterol are potential molecules for the development of new trichomonacidal therapies against T. vaginalis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18101587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:42:03Z","timestamp":1761054123000},"page":"1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis Activity of Triterpenes from Tagetes nelsonii Greenm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2017-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Alberto","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Avda. Pedro de Alba S\/N, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza 66450, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1487-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Garc\u00eda-Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Bio-Org\u00e1nica Antonio Gonz\u00e1lez (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico F. S\u00e1nchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Bio-Org\u00e1nica Antonio Gonz\u00e1lez (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrof\u00edsico F. S\u00e1nchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Biotecnolog\u00eda Marina, Unidad Asociada al IPNA-CSIC por el IUBO-ULL, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R.","family":"Diaz-Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnolog\u00eda Marina, Unidad Asociada al IPNA-CSIC por el IUBO-ULL, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Astrof\u00edsico Francisco S\u00e1nchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magda Elizabeth","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dicas del Noreste, 2 de Abril # 501, Monterrey 64720, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irma Edith","family":"Carranza-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Avda. Pedro de Alba S\/N, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza 66450, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5944-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Viveros-Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Avda. Pedro de Alba S\/N, San Nicol\u00e1s de los Garza 66450, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). Global Progress Report on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections. Accountability for the Global Health Sector Strategies 2016\u20132021: Actions for Impact, World Health Organization. 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