{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:59:55Z","timestamp":1793051995190,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia","award":["25UQU4310007GSSR01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25UQU4310007GSSR01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potential chemotherapeutic whose clinical application is limited by hepatotoxicity mediated through apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress (OS). This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective impact of methylene blue (MB) against DOX-induced liver injury. Methods: Forty rats were arbitrarily divided equally into four groups: control, DOX (15 mg\/kg, i.p., single dose), MB (4 mg\/kg, i.p., daily for 7 days), and DOX + MB (same regimen, MB initiated 1 h post DOX). Serum ALT, AST, and \u03b3-GT were measured, along with hepatic TAC and HO-1. ELISA quantified PERK, GRP78, and CHOP. Immunohistochemistry assessed Caspase-3, p53, NF-\u03baB, and Nrf2. Histopathological evaluation was performed using H&amp;E staining. Results: DOX administration significantly elevated ALT, AST, \u03b3-GT, HO-1, PERK, GRP78, and CHOP while reducing TAC and Nrf2 expression. Strong Caspase-3, p53, and NF-\u03baB immunoreactivity and severe histopathological damage were observed. MB treatment markedly reversed these changes, restoring antioxidant status, downregulating ER stress markers, preserving Nrf2 expression, and improving hepatic architecture. Conclusions: MB exerts significant hepatoprotection against DOX-induced injury, likely via attenuation of OS, ER stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1761652039000},"page":"1625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hepatoprotection by Methylene Blue Against Doxorubicin Toxicity Through Coordinated Modulation of Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Apoptotic Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas S.","family":"Gad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 13889, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2118-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 13578, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany M.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)-Formerly NODCAR, Giza 12654, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-1081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimaa G.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H. A.","family":"Gadelmawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology, Sinai University, Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2017.03.005","article-title":"Fullerenol Nanoparticles Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats","volume":"102","author":"Jacevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Martindale, W., and Sweetman, S.C. 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