{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:27:18Z","timestamp":1782858438052,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) is a rare and complex disease that requires careful management and treatment. Currently, a range of treatments, including surgery, somatostatin analogs (SSA), peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), targeted drugs, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, exist for pNETs. However, determining the optimal treatment strategies remains challenging. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-surgical therapies, such as somatostatin analogs (SSA), peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), targeted drugs, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in treating pNETs. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for relevant studies published from inception until August 2025. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), non-randomized clinical trials, and prospective studies were included in this meta-analysis if they evaluated the efficacy and safety of any treatment of interest in patients with pNETs. Results: Thirty-three studies involving 2374 pNET patients were analyzed. Targeted therapies showed modest objective response rates (ORRs) but high disease control rates (DCRs): everolimus (ORR 7%, 95% CI: 3\u201310%; DCR 81%, 95% CI: 75\u201387%), sunitinib (ORR 12%, 95% CI: 5\u201319%; DCR 79%, 95% CI: 70\u201388%), surufatinib (ORR 19%, 95% CI: 12\u201327%; DCR 81%, 95% CI: 73\u201389%). Cytotoxic chemotherapy demonstrated higher ORRs: dacarbazine-based (32%, 95% CI: 21\u201343%), streptozocin-based (40%, 95% CI: 25\u201354%), temozolomide-based (42%, 95% CI: 29\u201355%). PRRT showed varying efficacy: 177Lu-DOTATATE (ORR 36%, 95% CI: 27\u201344%; DCR 84%, 95% CI: 76\u201392%), 90Y-DOTATOC (ORR 27%, 95% CI: 18\u201336%; DCR 73%, 95% CI: 63\u201383%). SSAs had low ORRs but high DCRs: lanreotide (ORR 0%, DCR 67%, 95% CI: 57\u201377%), octreotide (ORR 23%, 95% CI: 15\u201331%; DCR 75%, 95% CI: 66\u201384%). Immunotherapy with pembrolizumab showed limited efficacy (ORR 7%, 95% CI: 0\u201314%). Treatment-related adverse events were common across therapies, with specific toxicity profiles for each modality. Conclusions: Cytotoxic chemotherapy offers better response rates than other treatment modalities. However, toxicity management is crucial. PRRT also shows robust antitumor activity and disease control, while SSAs and targeted therapies are effective treatment options for disease stabilization. Immunotherapy demonstrated limited antitumor activity, and further research is needed to establish its role in pNET treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1762177678000},"page":"1650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Non-Surgical Treatments for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Saad","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32252, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Miutescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Regional Research Centre in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ielmina","family":"Domilescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serban","family":"Negru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2772-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorel","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5087-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyad","family":"Gadour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Multiorgan Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32252, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11113, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.053314","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine (Including Carcinoid) Tumours","volume":"54","author":"Ramage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e3282f290af","article-title":"Sporadically occurring functional pancreatic endocrine tumors: Review of recent literature","volume":"20","author":"Goldin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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