{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:59:06Z","timestamp":1762181946602,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The need for new medications to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern due to the cost and impact on patients and their families, health systems, and society. Recent approaches in drug development have focused on multitarget therapy for DM, considering its multifactorial and complex pathophysiology. The present work contributes to the review of the plant species Schinus molle L. (pirul), a tropical tree native to South America but now widespread worldwide, which has demonstrated anticancer, analgesic, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties. According to traditional uses, pirul has been employed as a food condiment, in the preparation of beverages and chewing gums, and in the treatment of DM. The antidiabetic effects of pirul appear to act through several mechanisms involved in DM. The methanolic extract of S. molle fruits collected in Tunisia exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on both \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase enzymes (77.49% and 86.45%, respectively). A dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect was also observed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h, in the carrageenan-induced rats\u2019 paw edema model. Furthermore, in both the H2O2 and the superoxide radical assays, the pirul extract demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.22 mg\/mL). Isomasticadienonic acid and Masazino-flavanone, the major components of active fractions and extracts of S. molle represent promising antidiabetic agents. Although pirul appears to be safe in in vivo acute and subchronic administrations, toxicological studies and clinical trials in individuals with DM are still pending.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1762177678000},"page":"1661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antidiabetic Properties of the Tropical Tree Schinus molle L. (pirul): A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maira","family":"Huerta-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Nefrol\u00f3gicas, Hospital de Especialidades \u201cDr. Bernardo Sep\u00falveda Guti\u00e9rrez\u201d, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauht\u00e9moc, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, October 10). Diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diabetes."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1962","article-title":"Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030","volume":"41","author":"Bommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8355","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1927977","article-title":"Using polyphenols as a relevant therapy to diabetes and its complications, a review","volume":"62","author":"Serina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026622666220117105740","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of Multitarget Compounds: Advances in the Development of Ferulic Acid as Multitarget Therapeutic","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escand\u00f3n-Rivera, S.M., Mata, R., and Andrade-Cetto, A. (2020). Molecules Isolated from Mexican Hypoglycemic Plants: A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184145"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559325819852243","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325819852243","article-title":"Cardioprotective Potential of Plant-Derived Molecules: A Scientific and Medicinal Approach","volume":"17","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115755","article-title":"Nephroprotective plant species used in traditional Mayan Medicine for renal-associated diseases","volume":"301","author":"Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"6916","article-title":"Traditional knowledge for modern ailments\u2013plants used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer in Northern Peru","volume":"5","author":"Bussmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Plants of the World Online (2025, October 10). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available online: https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71044-1\/general-information."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Atlas de las Plantas de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana (2025, October 10). Biblioteca Digital de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico. Pirul. Available online: http:\/\/www.medicinatradicionalmexicana.unam.mx\/apmtm\/termino.php?l=3&t=pirul."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2018.10.005","article-title":"Schinus molle: Anatomy of leaves and stems, chemical composition and insecticidal activities of volatile oil against bed bug (Cimex lectularius)","volume":"29","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2307\/2804751","article-title":"A study of Schinus L.","volume":"5","author":"Barkley","year":"1957","journal-title":"Brittonia"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2025, October 10). World Flora Online. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldfloraonline.org\/taxon\/wfo-0000435157."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e167706","article-title":"Relationship between tree cover and tree diversity in urban parks in a semiarid city in Mexico","volume":"6","author":"Mompha","year":"2025","journal-title":"ARPHA Prepr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2004)058[0523:SMLACP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) Chicha production in the Central Andes","volume":"58","author":"Goldstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"391","article-title":"Capacidad probi\u00f3tica de bacterias l\u00e1cticas aisladas de chicha de molle","volume":"83","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Qu\u00edm. Per\u00fa"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02903811","article-title":"The pepper tree, Schinus molle L.","volume":"11","author":"Kramer","year":"1957","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02859858","article-title":"Peruvian natural dye plants","volume":"43","year":"1989","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.68.68572","article-title":"A global assessment of the potential distribution of naturalized and planted populations of the ornamental alien tree Schinus molle","volume":"68","author":"Richardson","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeoBiota"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"97","article-title":"Phytochemistry, traditional uses and bioactivity of the medicinal plant Schinus areira L. (Anacardiaceae): A review","volume":"7","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"193","article-title":"Plantas tradicionalmente usadas como plaguicidas en el estado de Hidalgo, M\u00e9xico","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polibot\u00e1nica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2010.04.010","article-title":"Toxicity and repellence of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Schinus molle on elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola","volume":"29","author":"Huerta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.031","article-title":"Mosquito repellents: An insight into the chronological perspectives and novel discoveries","volume":"167","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-07642014000200017","article-title":"Efecto acaricida del aceite esencial de aguaribay (Schinus molle L.) y sus fracciones en colmenares de abejas (Apis mellifera) en relaci\u00f3n con la composici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica","volume":"25","author":"Guala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132012000400018","article-title":"Influence of essential oil fractionation by vacuum distillation on acaricidal activity against the cattle tick","volume":"55","author":"Torres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Chemical composition, repellent and antimicrobial activity of Schinus molle L.","volume":"4","author":"Deveci","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288890","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4288890","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant, insecticidal activity, and comparative analysis of essential oils of leaves and fruits of Schinus molle and Schinus terebinthifolius","volume":"2022","author":"Belhoussaine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.15381\/ci.v12i1.3384","article-title":"Actividad cicatrizante de una pomada con aceite esencial de Schinus molle L. \u201cmolle\u201d en ganado vacuno con heridas infectadas y en ratones","volume":"12","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cienc. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juliano, C., and Magrini, G.A. (2018). Cosmetic functional ingredients from botanical sources for anti-pollution skincare products. Cosmetics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics5010019"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199706)11:4<317::AID-PTR91>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Analgesic and central depressor effects of the dichloromethanol extract from Schinus molle","volume":"11","author":"Barrachina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"779","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oils of Schinus molle Growing in Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Hamdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"29","article-title":"Determinaci\u00f3n de los \u00edndices de calidad de pulpa para papel de 132 maderas latifoliadas","volume":"2","year":"1996","journal-title":"Madera Bosques"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"145","article-title":"Chemical composition of Schinus molle L. wood and kraft pulping process","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Ing. Qu\u00edm."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e2711567","article-title":"Xilotecnia de la madera de Schinus molle L. de una plantaci\u00f3n forestal comercial en Hidalgo, M\u00e9xico","volume":"27","author":"Machuca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Madera Bosques"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146007","article-title":"Modelling and validation of the spatial distribution of suitable habitats for the recruitment of invasive plants on climate change scenarios: An approach from the regeneration niche","volume":"777","author":"Badano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2007.10.001","article-title":"Superiority in competition for light: A crucial attribute defining the impact of the invasive alien tree Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) in South African savanna","volume":"72","author":"Iponga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00220C","article-title":"Differential \u03b1-amylase\/\u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities of plant-derived phenolic compounds: A virtual screening perspective for the treatment of obesity and diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Rasouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059030-00012","article-title":"Miglitol: A review of its therapeutic potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashtoh, H., and Baek, K.H. (2022). Recent Updates on Phytoconstituent Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors: An Approach towards the Treatment of Type Two Diabetes. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11202722"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00791-1","article-title":"HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS profiling and therapeutic effects of Schinus terebinthifolius and Schinus molle fruits: Investigation of their antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties","volume":"29","author":"Feriani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.123","article-title":"Multidirectional insights on polysaccharides from Schinus terebinthifolius and Schinus molle fruits: Physicochemical and functional profiles, in vitro antioxidant, anti-genotoxicity, antidiabetic, and antihemolytic capacities, and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties","volume":"15","author":"Feriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.093","article-title":"Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America","volume":"101","author":"Ranilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0130lg\u00fcn, S., \u015eeker Karatoprak, G., \u00c7i\u00e7ek Polat, D., K\u00f6ng\u00fcl \u015eafak, E., Y\u00fccel, \u00c7., \u0130nce, U., Uvat, H.\u00d6., and K\u00fcpeli Akkol, E. (2023). Assessment of Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Potential, Antimicrobial Properties, and Antidiabetic Activity in Extracts Obtained from Schinus molle L. Leaves and Fruits. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.), 28.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2812353"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaabi, Y.A. (2022). Potential Roles of Anti-Inflammatory Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds Targeting Inflammation in Microvascular Complications of Diabetes. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217352"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335178.68","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds as Preventive and Therapeutic Agents in Diabetes-Related Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Advanced Glycation End-Products Production and Insulin Sensitivity","volume":"35","author":"Pannucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2012.09.002","article-title":"Phytochemicals and their impact on adipose tissue inflammation and diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Leiherer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"372","article-title":"Assessment of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and sedative effects of the dichloromethanol extract of Schinus molle","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2025.00293","article-title":"In vitro and In vivo Assessment of the Anti-inflammatory activity of Schinus molle","volume":"18","author":"Shawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"RJPT"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-45096","article-title":"Isolation of two triterpenoids and a biflavanone with anti-Inflammatory activity from Schinus molle fruits","volume":"69","author":"Yueqin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1631","article-title":"Oxidant stress, immune dysregulation, and vascular function in type I diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Nicolls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2005.7.256","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation in diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Falco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashkin, A., Ghanim, M., Abu-Farich, B., Rayan, M., Miari, R., Srouji, S., Rayan, A., and Falah, M. (2021). Forty-One Plant Extracts Screened for Dual Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Functions: Evaluating the Types of Correlation between \u03b1-Amylase Inhibition and Free Radical Scavenging. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020317"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.J., Kim, D.W., Kim, J.G., Shin, Y., Jung, S.K., and Kim, Y.J. (2021). Analysis of the Chemical, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Pink Pepper (Schinus molle L.). Antioxidants, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071062"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.063","article-title":"Antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological properties of Schinus molle L. essential oils","volume":"151","author":"Arantes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-016-1583-2","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from Schinus molle wood branch growing in Egypt","volume":"62","author":"Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-024-05301-1","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activities of Schinus molle (L.) extracts","volume":"15","author":"Shehata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.08.036","article-title":"Evaluation of the acute dermal exposure of the ethanolic and hexanic extracts from leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in rats","volume":"137","author":"Bras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118499","article-title":"Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of Schinus molle L. aqueous extract\/ethanol-soluble fraction in rats","volume":"333","author":"Machado","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.08.035","article-title":"Consequences of subchronic exposure to ethanolic extract from fruits and leaves of Schinus molle var. areira L. in mice","volume":"132","author":"Bras","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.06.019","article-title":"Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ethanolic extract from fruits of Schinus molle in rats","volume":"113","author":"Ferrero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-02008-8","article-title":"Chemical and cytotoxicity profiles of 11 pink pepper (Schinus spp.) samples via non-targeted hyphenated high-performance thin-layer chromatography","volume":"19","author":"Morlock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15823","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of moronic acid and identification of the new triterpene 3,4-seco-olean-18-ene-3,28-dioic acid from Phoradendron reichenbachianum","volume":"67","author":"Rios","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, J.L., Wyant, W.A., Abdo Abujamra, B., Kirsner, R.S., and Jozic, I. (2021). Diabetic Wound-Healing Science. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101072"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"74","article-title":"Network Pharmacology Studies on the Bioactive Compounds and Action Mechanisms of Natural Products for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riyaphan, J., Pham, D.C., Leong, M.K., and Weng, C.F. (2021). In Silico Approaches to Identify Polyphenol Compounds as \u03b1-Glucosidase and \u03b1-Amylase Inhibitors against Type-II Diabetes. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121877"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.302","article-title":"Glycosidase inhibitory flavonoids from Sophora flavescens","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70014","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70014","article-title":"Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Segev","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8609213","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8609213","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2020","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkhumeleni, Z., Phoswa, W.N., and Mokgalaboni, K. (2024). Purslane Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212276"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80910","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21422-4","article-title":"In vivo evaluation and molecular docking studies of Schinus molle L. fruit extract protective effect against isoproterenol-induced infarction in rats","volume":"29","author":"Feriani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morieri, M.L., Pipino, C., and Doria, A. (2022). Pharmacogenetics of Cardiovascular Prevention in Diabetes: From Precision Medicine to Identification of Novel Targets. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091402"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1545720","article-title":"Pistacia lentiscus Oleoresin: Virtual Screening and Identification of Masticadienonic and Isomasticadienonic Acids as Inhibitors of 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1","volume":"81","author":"Vuorinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"570","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Schinus molle L. Essential Oil from Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Eryigit","year":"2017","journal-title":"JEOBP"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floris, S., Di Petrillo, A., Pintus, F., and Delogu, G.L. (2024). Pistacia lentiscus: Phytochemistry and Antidiabetic Properties. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111638"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pett, K.D., Alex, P.G., Weisfuss, C., Sandhu, A., Burton-Freeman, B., and Edirisinghe, I. (2025). Mango Consumption Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Participants with Overweight\/Obesity and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030490"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1996.9700558","article-title":"Essential oils from leaves of Schinus molle and S. lentiscifolius of Uruguayan origin","volume":"8","author":"Rossini","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/11\/1661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:06:59Z","timestamp":1762178819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/11\/1661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18111661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18111661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]}}}