{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:45:48Z","timestamp":1785894348692,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","award":["13GW0747A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0747A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["394046768\u2014SFB 1366 Z02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["394046768\u2014SFB 1366 Z02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This paper reports the preclinical evaluation of stable tumor-specific gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) activated by neutron irradiation as a therapeutic option for the treatment of cancers characterized by high tumor angiogenesis. Methods: A selection of promising AuNPs with high avidity to \u03b1v\u03b23-expressing glioma (U-87 MG) cells (IC50 = 82\u2013104 nM) were chosen with different surface loading of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides as tumor targeting vectors for integrin \u03b1v\u03b23, a target which is overexpressed in tissues displaying high tumor angiogenesis. Three different [198Au]AuNPs were evaluated applying three injection methods, intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), and intratumoral (i.t.), each in a group of six U-87 MG xenograft\u2013bearing mice (54 female athymic nude mice in total). Their biodistribution and tumor accumulation was assessed by in vivo imaging within 1\u20137 days after injection and 7 days after injection by ex vivo measurement. Results: The developed [198Au]AuNPs exhibited suboptimal biodistribution by i.v. application (accumulation pattern tail &gt; liver &gt; spleen, no significant tumor accumulation) and by i.p. application (accumulation pattern spleen &gt;&gt; liver &gt; pancreas, slight tumor accumulation of &lt;0.3 %ID\/g). However, an acceptable biodistribution by i.t. application was observed (5.5 %ID\/g in liver, 4.9 %ID\/g in spleen, and 3.0 %ID\/g in tumor). Conclusions: Despite the very promising in vitro results, the in vivo evaluation suggests that the [198Au]AuNPs represent a platform for the development of restricted therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preclinical Evaluation of Stable Integrin \u03b1v\u03b23-Specific [198Au]Gold Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"G\u00fcll\u00fc","family":"Davarci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Research Campus M<sup>2<\/sup>OLIE, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1161-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"W\u00e4ngler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Campus M<sup>2<\/sup>OLIE, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Chemistry, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungsreaktor TRIGA Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3854-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Tulessin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Geppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forschungsreaktor TRIGA Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7098-3036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Schirrmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncological Imaging, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3894-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Fricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3400-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Mogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6432-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Pretze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3877-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"W\u00e4ngler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Research Campus M<sup>2<\/sup>OLIE, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine MIISM, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Colloidal gold containing the radioactive isotope Au198 in the selective internal radiation therapy of diseases of the lymphoid system","volume":"12","author":"Sheppard","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. 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