{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:24:07Z","timestamp":1790886247736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucosal disease associated with a risk of malignant transformation. Although topical corticosteroids are the standard therapy, prolonged administration may result in local and systemic complications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been proposed as a less invasive and safer alternative. Methods: In this prospective study, 44 patients with histologically verified OLP underwent a protocol consisting of ten consecutive weekly PDT sessions, each comprising a single irradiation. A 5% ALA formulation was topically applied, followed by illumination with a 630 nm red light device. Clinical outcomes were evaluated at baseline, immediately after therapy, and at 12- and 48-month follow-ups. Changes in lesion surface, REU index, and pain intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS) were analyzed. Results: Significant improvements were noted, with progressive and sustained decreases in lesion extent, REU scores, and VAS values throughout the 4-year observation period. The therapeutic response was consistent across different mucosal sites (keratinized and non-keratinized). No treatment-related adverse reactions were recorded. Conclusions: Long-term follow-up indicates that ALA-mediated PDT is a safe and effective management option for both reticular and erosive variants of OLP. Its durable clinical benefits and favorable safety profile support its role as an alternative to corticosteroid therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"1676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long-Term Efficacy of 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Lichen Planus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sulewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NZOZ\u201cTrident\u201d s. c., ul. Ks. Kard. Wyszy\u0144skiego 16, 18-400 \u0141om\u017ca, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4613-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Wi\u015bniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Duraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagoda","family":"Tomaszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pietruska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Research Group, Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pietruska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, ul. 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