{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:46:08Z","timestamp":1778741168180,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ozonation is a non-thermal process that can remodel the chemistry and bioactivity of plant extracts. We evaluated whether ozonating green tea extract enhances its phenolic composition and in vitro bioactivity in relation to nutrition and food applications, with potential clinical applications. Methods: Ethanolic green tea extract (GTE) was exposed to ozone (0\u20137 L\/min, 5 h) to yield an ozonated extract (GTOE). Phenolics were quantified by the HPLC. Bioactivities included antimicrobial testing (agar diffusion; MIC\/MBC\/MFC), antibiofilm formation, time-kill kinetics (0\u2013180 min), bacteria-induced hemolysis in human RBCs, DPPH radical scavenging, pancreatic lipase inhibition, and scratch-wound closure in human fibroblasts. Data from n = 3 independent experiments were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey\u2019s post hoc test (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: Ozonation increased gallic acid (3150.92 to 3229.69 \u00b5g\/g) and ellagic acid (2470.66 to 2789.40 \u00b5g\/g), while catechin decreased slightly (2634.09 to 2535.09 \u00b5g\/g). Compared with GTE, GTOE produced larger inhibition zones and lower MIC\/MBC\/MFC against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi; Aspergillus niger remained unsusceptible. For example, inhibition zones for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae increased by 2\u20134 mm and MIC\/MBC values were 2-8-fold lower. Candida albicans showed marked sensitivity (MFC 500 to 125 \u00b5g\/mL). GTOE exhibited superior, dose-dependent antibiofilm activity across all tested strains, reaching up to 97.82% inhibition, (highest for S. aureus and S. typhi, at 75% MBC). GTOE reduced bacterial counts more rapidly than GTE across all tested strains, achieving full eradication within 150 min. Bacteria-induced hemolysis was inhibited by 97% at 75% MIC with GTOE, versus 93\u201396% with GTE. Antioxidant capacity improved (DPPH IC50 3.31 vs. 5.54 \u03bcg\/mL), as did lipase inhibition IC50 6.06 vs. 17.69 \u03bcg\/mL). Wound closure at 48 h increased (GTOE 61.1%; GTE 56.8%; control 50.8%). Conclusions: Controlled ozonation of green tea extract remodeled phenolics and consistently enhanced antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, potential anti-obesity, and wound-healing activities in vitro. These results support food-grade optimization and safety\/by-product profiling, followed by in vivo validation at diet-relevant doses, to enable nutrition, food, and potential clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1762770931000},"page":"1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ozone-Mediated Modulation of Green Tea Extract Enhances Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Potential Relevant to Human Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Bazaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman A.","family":"Alsalamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam","family":"Qanash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ibrahim","family":"Alghonaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9281-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nizar H.","family":"Saeedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0950-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdu","family":"Aldarhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah 21961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radeva-Ilieva, M., Stoeva, S., Hvarchanova, N., and Georgiev, K.D. 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