{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:13:58Z","timestamp":1782324838708,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel series of thiazole chalcone\/ciprofloxacin hybrids were synthesized and screened for their anticancer activity against NCI-60 cancer cell lines, USA. Interestingly, compounds 4b and 4d exhibited potent antiproliferative activities, particularly against leukemia HL-60, RPMI-8226, and colon HCT-116 cells, with IC50 values of 0.3\u20133.70 \u00b5M. Importantly, compounds 4b and 4d exhibited enhanced selectivity for cancer cells relative to doxorubicin with IC50 values of 26.80, 41.20, and 19.80 \u00b5M, respectively. Mechanistic investigations revealed that compounds 4b and 4d inhibited topoisomerases (Topo) I\/II\u03b2 activity, being fourfold and twofold more effective than untreated controls, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis, which likely explain their potent anticancer properties. In depth, compound 4d increased the relative gene expression of pro-apoptotic Bax (5.58-fold) and caspase-3 (10.86-fold) as well as the initiator caspase-9 (4.2-fold), and reduced the relative gene expression of Bcl-2. Therefore, ciprofloxacin\/thiazole chalcone derivatives, particularly 4b and 4d, may serve as promising candidates for the development of antitumor agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1762770931000},"page":"1700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design, Synthesis, and Mechanistic Study of Novel Ciprofloxacin\/Thiazole Chalcone Hybrids as Potential Anticancer Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamada","family":"Hashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Elshamsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City 61768, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safwat M.","family":"Rabea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4864-2056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel A.","family":"Marzouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Br\u00e4se","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2000-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alkhammash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghallab","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeer M.","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3165-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossameldin A.","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, New Valley 72511, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley National University, New Valley 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, P., Mininni, M., Deiana, G., Marino, G., Divella, R., Bochicchio, I., Giuliano, A., Lapadula, S., Lettini, A.R., and Sanseverino, F. (2024). Healthy lifestyle and cancer risk: Modifiable risk factors to prevent cancer. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060800"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Ali, M., Naseem, U., Nezhadmoghadam, F., Jatoi, M.A., Gulliver, T.A., and Tamez-Pe\u00f1a, J.G. (2024). Breast cancer risk prediction using machine learning: A systematic review. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1343627"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.9210","article-title":"Endometriosis typology and ovarian cancer risk","volume":"332","author":"Barnard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"572","article-title":"Understanding the Incidence, Screening, and Burden of Cancer in Somalia: A Literature","volume":"12","author":"Hidig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Al-Kazazz, Z.K., and Jawad, A.H. (2024). A Study on the Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer in Polluted Areas in Baghdad Governorate. Front. Health Inform., 13."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70211-5","article-title":"Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008\u20132030): A population-based study","volume":"13","author":"Bray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdy, H.A., Ibrahim, M.K., Metwaly, A.M., Belal, A., Mehany, A.B.M., El-Gamal, K.M.A., El-Sharkawy, A., Elhendawy, M.A., Radwan, M.M., and Elsohly, M.A. (2020). Design, synthesis, molecular modeling, in vivo studies and anticancer evaluation of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors and apoptosis inducers. Bioorg. Chem., 94.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103422"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133926","article-title":"Chemical synthesis and molecular docking study of new thiazole, thiophene, and thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potential antiproliferative and antimicrobial agents","volume":"1270","author":"Othman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2018.01.021","article-title":"New anticancer drug candidates sulfonamides as selective hCA IX or hCA XII inhibitors","volume":"77","author":"Gul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01302-1","article-title":"Unveiling the mechanisms and challenges of cancer drug resistance","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, H., Abdelfattah, S., Hassan, H.M., Al-Emam, A., Alqarni, M., Alotaibi, G., Radwan, I.T., Kaur, K., Rao, D.P., and Br\u00e4se, S. (2025). Discovery of a novel 4-pyridyl SLC-0111 analog targeting tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX through tail-based design approach with potent anticancer activity. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1571646"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmetwally, S.A., Saied, K.F., Eissa, I.H., and Elkaeed, E.B. (2019). Design, synthesis and anticancer evaluation of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives as dual EGFR\/HER2 inhibitors and apoptosis inducers. Bioorg. Chem., 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.102944"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Oliveira, P., Otero, P., Pereira, A.G., Chamorro, F., Carpena, M., Echave, J., Fraga-Corral, M., Simal-Gandara, J., and Prieto, M.A. (2021). Status and challenges of plant-anticancer compounds in cancer treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020157"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, H., Hassan, A., Abdelmagid, W.M., Habib, A.G.K., Abdel-Aal, M.A.A., Elshamsy, A.M., El Zawily, A., Radwan, I.T., Br\u00e4se, S., and Abdel-Samea, A.S. (2024). Synthesis of new thiazole-privileged chalcones as tubulin polymerization inhibitors with potential anticancer activities. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091154"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite, F.F., de Sousa, N.F., de Oliveira, B.H.M., Duarte, G.D., Ferreira, M.D.L., Scotti, M.T., Filho, J.M.B., Rodrigues, L.C., de Moura, R.O., and Mendon\u00e7a-Junior, F.J.B. (2023). Anticancer activity of chalcones and its derivatives: Review and in silico studies. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104009"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, Y., Li, J., Chen, X., Fu, X., Sun, S., and Wu, Q. (2021). Chalcone derivatives: Role in anticancer therapy. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060894"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WalyEldeen, A.A., Sabet, S., El-Shorbagy, H.M., Abdelhamid, I.A., and Ibrahim, S.A. (2023). Chalcones: Promising therapeutic agents targeting key players and signaling pathways regulating the hallmarks of cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact., 369.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110297"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/00397911.2021.1881124","article-title":"Synthesis and anticancer activity of chalcone\u2013quinoxalin conjugates","volume":"51","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557522666220214093606","article-title":"The medicinal chemistry of chalcones as anti-mycobacterium tuberculosis agents","volume":"22","author":"Prokopczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, H.M., Hassan, R., Elmagzoub, R.M., Al-Emam, A., Kossenas, K., Abdel-Samea, A.S., Khalifa, H.O., Akocak, S., Br\u00e4se, S., and Hashem, H. (2025). From Infection to Tumor: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ciprofloxacin Derivatives as Anticancer Agents. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010072"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saghier, A.M., Abosella, L., Hassan, A., Elakesh, E.O., Br\u00e4se, S., Abuo-Rahma, G.E.-D.A., and Aziz, H.A. (2025). Design, Synthesis, and In Silico Studies of New Norfloxacin Analogues with Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Activity via Topoisomerase II Inhibition. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040545"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22592","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of ciprofloxacin\u20131,2,3-triazole hybrids as antitumor, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents","volume":"9","author":"Alshahateet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adly, M.E., Taher, A.T., Ahmed, F.M., Mahmoud, A.M., Salem, M.A., and El-Masry, R.M. (2025). New series of fluoroquinolone derivatives as potential anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis, in vitro biological Evaluation, and Topoisomerase II Inhibition. Bioorganic Chem., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2025.108163"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaaeldin, R., Abdel-Rahman, I.M., Ali, F.E., Bekhit, A.A., Elhamadany, E.Y., Zhao, Q.L., Cui, Z.G., and Fathy, M. (2022). Dual topoisomerase I\/II inhibition-induced apoptosis and necro-apoptosis in cancer cells by a novel ciprofloxacin derivative via RIPK1\/RIPK3\/MLKL activation. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227993"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idowu, T., and Schweizer, F. (2017). Ubiquitous nature of fluoroquinolones: The oscillation between antibacterial and anticancer activities. Antibiotics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040026"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.08.040","article-title":"Novel N-4-piperazinyl-ciprofloxacin-chalcone hybrids: Synthesis, physicochemical properties, anticancer and topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activity","volume":"69","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman, I.M., Mustafa, M., Mohamed, S.A., Yahia, R., Abdel-Aziz, M., Abuo-Rahma, G.E.-D.A., and Hayallah, A.M. (2021). Novel Mannich bases of ciprofloxacin with improved physicochemical properties, antibacterial, anticancer activities and caspase-3 mediated apoptosis. Bioorg. Chem., 107.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2021.104629"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahadi, H., Shokrzadeh, M., Hosseini-khah, Z., Ghassemi barghi, N., Ghasemian, M., Emadi, E., Zargari, M., Razzaghi-Asl, N., and Emami, S. (2020). Synthesis and biological assessment of ciprofloxacin-derived 1,3,4-thiadiazoles as anticancer agents. Bioorganic Chem., 105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104383"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2136172","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel ciprofloxacin derivatives as potential anticancer agents targeting topoisomerase II enzyme","volume":"38","author":"Swedan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2016.07.070","article-title":"New antiproliferative 7-(4-(N-substituted carbamoylmethyl) piperazin-1-yl) derivatives of ciprofloxacin induce cell cycle arrest at G2\/M phase","volume":"24","author":"Mohammed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.03.026","article-title":"Novel ciprofloxacin hybrids using biology oriented drug synthesis (BIODS) approach: Anticancer activity, effects on cell cycle profile, caspase-3 mediated apoptosis, topoisomerase II inhibition, and antibacterial activity","volume":"150","author":"Kassab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Wahaibi, L.H., Elshamsy, A.M., Ali, T.F.S., Youssif, B.G.M., Br\u00e4se, S., Abdel-Aziz, M., and El-Koussi, N.A. (2025). Design, synthesis, in silico studies, and apoptotic antiproliferative activity of novel thiazole-2-acetamide derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1565699"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, H.A., El-Saghier, A.M., Badr, M., Elsadek, B.E.M., Abuo-Rahma, G.E.-D.A., and Shoman, M.E. (2024). Design, synthesis and mechanistic study of N-4-Piperazinyl Butyryl Thiazolidinedione derivatives of ciprofloxacin with Anticancer Activity via Topoisomerase I\/II inhibition. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73793-y"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, D.M.E., Aziz, H.A., Br\u00e4se, S., Al Bahir, A., Alkhammash, A., Abuo-Rahma, G.E.-D.A., Elshamsy, A.M., Hashem, H., and Abdelmagid, W.M. (2024). Unveiling the anticancer potential of a new ciprofloxacin-chalcone hybrid as an inhibitor of topoisomerases i & ii and apoptotic inducer. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225382"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabkhot, Y.N., Algarni, H., Alsayari, A., Bin Muhsinah, A., Kheder, N.A., Almarhoon, Z.M., and Al-aizari, F.A. (2019). Synthesis, x-ray analysis, biological evaluation and molecular docking study of new thiazoline derivatives. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24091654"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, H.H.H., Abdelhafez, E.-S.M.N., Abbas, S.H., Moustafa, G.A.I., Hauk, G., Berger, J.M., Mitarai, S., Arai, M., Abd El-Baky, R.M., and Abuo-Rahma, G.E.-D.A. (2019). Design, synthesis and molecular docking of new N-4-piperazinyl ciprofloxacin-triazole hybrids with potential antimicrobial activity. Bioorg. Chem., 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.102952"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300208","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202300208","article-title":"Harnessing pyrimidine as a building block for histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"356","author":"Badran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00510-0","article-title":"DNA damage-triggered apoptosis: Critical role of DNA repair, double-strand breaks, cell proliferation and signaling","volume":"66","author":"Kaina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saghier, A.M., Hashem, H., Maher, S.A., Enaili, S.S., Alkhammash, A., Br\u00e4se, S., and Aziz, H.A. (2025). Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Screening, and Mechanistic Study of Spiro-N-(4-sulfamoyl-phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide Derivatives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020863"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-115023","article-title":"Apoptosis in cancer biology and therapy","volume":"20","author":"Moyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleczka, A., Kubina, R., Dzik, R., Jasik, K., Stojko, J., Cholewa, K., and Kaba\u0142a-Dzik, A. (2020). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (cape) induced apoptosis in serous ovarian cancer ov7 cells by deregulation of BCL2\/BAX genes. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153514"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e2302931","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin derivative-loaded nanoparticles synergize with paclitaxel against type ii human endometrial cancer","volume":"20","author":"Naguib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshdi, M., Mohamed, M.F., Beshr, E.A., Aziz, H.A., Gebril, S.M., Br\u00e4se, S., and Mohassab, A.M. (2025). Design, Synthesis, In Silico Docking, Multitarget Bioevaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Novel Pyrazolo [3, 4-d] Pyrimidinone Derivatives as Potential In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18091326"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.10.054","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and topoisomerase I\/II inhibition of glycosylated 2-phenyl-indoles, 2-phenyl-benzo[b]thiophenes and 2-phenyl-benzo[b]furans","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saghier, A.M., Abosella, L., Hamed, A.M., Elakesh, E.O., Abuo-Rahma, G.E.D.A., Abdellattif, M.H., and Aziz, H.A. (2025). New norfloxacin analogues based on N-4-piperazinyl-(3-arylidene\/alkylidene acrylonitrile) moieties: Design, synthesis, antibacterial evaluation, and in silico studies. Monatshefte F\u00fcr Chem.-Chem. Mon., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-025-03324-6"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/11\/1700\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:52:11Z","timestamp":1762865531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/11\/1700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18111700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18111700","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]}}}