{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:43:12Z","timestamp":1791996192073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease wherein the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue leads to adverse health outcomes, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders. Obesity also impacts both the risk and the clinical prognosis of heart failure (HF). The accumulation of adipose tissue results in metabolic dysregulation, including increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. These alterations are strongly associated with the development and progression of HF. Another significant comorbidity in patients with HF is sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, affecting the quality of life. The study aims to critically synthesize the mechanisms by which modern pharmacological treatments\u2014sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, and dual GIPR\/GLP-1R agonists\u2014modulate body mass composition, and to analyze the specific implications of these changes (e.g., visceral fat reduction versus lean mass loss) for heart failure (HF) prognosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T09:06:36Z","timestamp":1763111196000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potential Implications of Body Mass Composition Changes in Heart Failure Patients in the Era of SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA, and GIP\/GLP-1 RA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-3042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gryglewska-Wawrzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kap\u0142on-Cie\u015blicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, National Medical Institute of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0153-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tomaszuk-Kazberuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Lipidology and Internal Medicine with Intensive Coronary Care Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rubi\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Niedziela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Rehabilitation, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Uzdrowisko Ustron, American Heart of Poland, 43-450 Ustron, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6666-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Bielecka-D\u0105browa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (2025, August 31). 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