{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:42:56Z","timestamp":1791513776752,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["00193-00001702\/2024-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00001702\/2024-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0019300000262\/2023-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0019300000262\/2023-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["316113\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316113\/2023-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DPI\/BCE\/UnB","award":["001\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/2025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["88887.511342\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.511342\/2020-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Thermoregulation is essential for survival, with the hypothalamic preoptic area integrating peripheral signals to maintain core body temperature. While fever enhances immune responses, excessive hyperthermia causes cellular damage. Previous work has shown that central glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonism intensifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever, suggesting a role for GLP-1 signaling in temperature regulation. However, the direct effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on fever remained unexplored. This study investigated the effects of liraglutide (LIRA), a GLP-1 analog used to treat diabetes and obesity, on temperature regulation and fever in rats, with a focus on sex-dependent mechanisms. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats received lipopolysaccharide (LPS, i.p.) to induce fever, followed by LIRA treatment (0.3 mg\/kg, i.p.) one hour later. Body temperature was monitored for up to six hours post-LPS injection. Results: LIRA reduced body temperature in both euthermic and febrile rats of both sexes. LPS increased PGE2 concentration in both sexes, with males showing a twofold increase compared to females. LIRA treatment reduced PGE2 levels in LPS-challenged males (62%, p &lt; 0.01) but not in female rats. LPS elevated interleukin (IL)-6 levels in both sexes, while LIRA treatment decreased IL-6 only in females (45%, p &lt; 0.05). In males, LPS reduced hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) levels, and LIRA further decreased 5-HT in saline-treated animals. In females, LIRA increased 5-HT levels (84%, p &lt; 0.01) in LPS-challenged animals. Additionally, LIRA exhibited sex-specific effects on hypothalamic JNK phosphorylation, increasing activation in LPS-treated males and reducing it in LPS-treated females. Conclusions: LIRA demonstrates antipyretic properties through distinct, sex-specific mechanisms. In males, temperature reduction correlates with decreased hypothalamic PGE2, whereas in females, antipyretic effects are associated with reduced IL-6, decreased JNK phosphorylation, and increased 5-HT. These findings reveal sexually dimorphic GLP-1R-mediated thermoregulatory pathways during inflammation. However, the causal relationships between these molecular changes and temperature regulation require further investigation, particularly regarding whether observed biochemical alterations represent primary mechanisms or secondary consequences of temperature modulation. Future studies should investigate the functional significance of the apparent contradiction in serotonergic responses between sexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1763388247000},"page":"1738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The GLP-1 Analog Liraglutide Reduces Fever Through Sex-Dependent Neuroinflammatory Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gabriela L. Soares","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6609-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester K. Martins","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1241-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C. Rojas","family":"de Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0401-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P. Lima do","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4906-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna R. Bezerra","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna B. Rodrigues","family":"Londe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3478-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana J. Faria","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Royer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5890-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina Azevedo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Section, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander Roberto","family":"Zampronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Section, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-8678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Eduardo Narcizo","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiane H.","family":"Veiga-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biomodels, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 72220-275, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.1.168","article-title":"New Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Fever","volume":"10","author":"Dinarello","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, S.F., and Nakamura, K. (2011). Central neural pathways for thermoregulation. Front. Biosci., 16.","DOI":"10.2741\/3677"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3843","article-title":"Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: The immune system feels the heat","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00126.2014","article-title":"Recent advances in thermoregulation","volume":"39","author":"Tansey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418760481","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms of Inflammation-Induced Fever","volume":"24","author":"Blomqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.08.002","article-title":"Age and sex differences in immune response following LPS treatment in mice","volume":"58","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00035.2019","article-title":"Sex Differences in Human Thermoregulation: Relevance for 2020 and Beyond","volume":"35","author":"Yanovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01335-5","article-title":"Fever Induced by Zymosan A and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid in Female Rats: Influence of Sex Hormones and the Participation of Endothelin-1","volume":"44","author":"Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1735927","article-title":"Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, H.O., Radulski, D.R., Wilhelms, D.B., Stojakovic, A., Brito, L.M.O., Engblom, D., Franco, C.R.C., and Zampronio, A.R. (2016). Female Sex Hormones Influence the Febrile Response Induced by Lipopolysaccharide, Cytokines and Prostaglandins but not by Interleukin-1\u03b2 in Rats. J. Neuroendocrinol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12414"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08312.x","article-title":"Vasopressin-Induced Antipyresis: Sex- and Experience-Dependent Febrile Responses","volume":"856","author":"Pittman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meurot, C., Martin, C., Sudre, L., Breton, J., Bougault, C., Rattenbach, R., Bismuth, K., Jacques, C., and Berenbaum, F. (2022). Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, exerts analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-degradative actions in osteoarthritis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05323-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.L., Wang, Z.M., Xu, C., Che, F.-H., Hu, X.-F., Cao, R., Xie, Y.-N., Qiu, Y., Shi, H.-B., and Liu, B. (2022). Liraglutide Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury by Modulating Macrophage Polarization. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.869050"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00227-7","article-title":"Antagonism of central glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced fever","volume":"85","author":"Rinaman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2024.578427","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of hypothalamic serotonin release during systemic inflammation: Role of endothelin-1","volume":"394","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20106","article-title":"The rodent estrous cycle: Characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies","volume":"80","author":"Goldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00978-0","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in rats with peripheral acute inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Mert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artres.2015.04.001","article-title":"Complex vasoactivity of liraglutide. Contribution of three gasotransmitters","volume":"11","author":"Kun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artery Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14534","article-title":"Different mechanisms involved in liraglutide and glucagon-like peptide-1 vasodilatation in rat mesenteric small arteries","volume":"176","author":"Bangshaab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04225-5","article-title":"Liraglutide modulates cyclooxygenase and \u03b17 acetylcholine receptors: In vitro and in silico insights into its anti-inflammatory role in LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"398","author":"Baris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105969","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"77","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2001000300003","article-title":"Fever induction pathways: Evidence from responses to systemic or local cytokine formation","volume":"34","author":"Roth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.1.311","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression in the central nervous system is necessary for fever response to lipopolysaccharide or IL-1 beta: A study on IL-6-deficient mice","volume":"183","author":"Chai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08310.x","article-title":"IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 in Fever: Studies Using Cytokine-Deficient (Knockout) Mice","volume":"856","author":"Kozak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.11.009","article-title":"Central glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation inhibits Toll-like receptor agonist-induced inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12639","article-title":"Exposure\u2013response analyses of liraglutide 3.0\u2009mg for weight management","volume":"18","author":"Wilding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137397","article-title":"GLP-1R agonist liraglutide attenuates pain hypersensitivity by stimulating IL-10 release in a nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine mouse model","volume":"812","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1370-7","article-title":"The GLP-1 analog, liraglutide prevents the increase of proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus of male rat pups submitted to maternal perinatal food restriction","volume":"15","author":"Toba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8974960","article-title":"Liraglutide Attenuates Hepatic Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Modulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway","volume":"2023","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.026","article-title":"GLP-1 analog liraglutide protects against cardiac steatosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"240","author":"Inoue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.039","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide reduces TNF-\u03b1-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in endothelial cells","volume":"221","author":"Shiraki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1425549","article-title":"Increase of reactive oxygen species in different tissues during lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and antipyresis: An electron paramagnetic resonance study","volume":"52","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(05)96052-7","article-title":"ESR Techniques for the Detection of Nitric Oxide In Vivo and in Tissues","volume":"396","author":"Dikalov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R2174","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00032.2007","article-title":"Suppression of endotoxin-induced fever in near-term pregnant rats is mediated by brain nitric oxide","volume":"292","author":"Begg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.051490","article-title":"Propyretic role of the locus coeruleus nitric oxide pathway","volume":"95","author":"Soriano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R584","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00391.2001","article-title":"Antipyretic role of the NO-cGMP pathway in the anteroventral preoptic region of the rat brain","volume":"282","author":"Steiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmst\u00e4dter, J., Keppeler, K., Aust, F., K\u00fcster, L., Frenis, K., Filippou, K., Vujacic-Mirski, K., Tsohataridis, S., Kalinovic, S., and Kr\u00f6ller-Sch\u00f6n, S. (2021). GLP-1 Analog Liraglutide Improves Vascular Function in Polymicrobial Sepsis by Reduction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10081175"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammoh, O., Qnais, E., Aljabali, A.A.A., Hatahet, T., and Alqudah, A. (2025). Metabolic resilience: Liraglutide\u2019s potential in alleviating depressive symptoms. Mol. Biol. Rep., 52.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10641-w"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300510","article-title":"Effects of Ovarian Steroids and Raloxifene on Proteins that Synthesize, Transport, and Degrade Serotonin in the Raphe Region of Macaques","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.10.016","article-title":"Estrogen decreases 5-HT1B autoreceptor mRNA in selective subregion of rat dorsal raphe nucleus: Inverse association between gene expression and anxiety behavior in the open field","volume":"158","author":"Hiroi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.07.010","article-title":"Central serotonin attenuates LPS-induced systemic inflammation","volume":"66","author":"Mota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonogaki, K., and Kaji, T. (2024). The GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide Decreases Primary Bile Acids and Serotonin in the Colon Independently of Feeding in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.0315.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizuno, S., Kurobe-Takashima, Y., Kuriki, D., Susaki, K., Otsuka, K., Tsuchihashi, T., Abe, K., and Kobayashi, S. (2025). Phosphatidylcholine suppresses inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated MG6 microglial cells by inhibiting NF-\u03baB\/JNK\/p38 MAPK signaling. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0328206"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990111)403:2<261::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Distribution of pre-pro-glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor messenger RNAs in the rat central nervous system","volume":"403","author":"Merchenthaler","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149107","article-title":"NK1 receptor mediates cerebral cellular and extracellular morphological changes during the LPS-induced febrile response","volume":"1842","author":"Brito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(90)90025-Y","article-title":"Thermal biology of the laboratory rat","volume":"47","author":"Gordon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-011-0225-y","article-title":"Febrile response induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats: Involvement of prostaglandin E2 and cytokines","volume":"201","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-011-9278-3","article-title":"Behavioral, Neurochemical and Histological Alterations Promoted by Bilateral Intranigral Rotenone Administration: A New Approach for an Old Neurotoxin","volume":"21","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/11\/1738\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T05:16:15Z","timestamp":1763442975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/11\/1738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18111738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18111738","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]}}}