{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T11:59:26Z","timestamp":1764158366097,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: An observed increase in fungal infection incidence over the past two decades underscores the limitations of conventional topical treatments for deep infections, primarily due to the skin\u2019s stratum corneum barrier. This has driven the development of advanced topical preparations. This study evaluated the encapsulation of oxiconazole utilizing novasomes to enhance its topical delivery. Methods: Oxiconazole-loaded novasomes were synthesized by the ethanol injection technique and subsequently characterized using key physicochemical parameters, including encapsulation efficiency (EE%), vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and percentage drug release (DR%). The optimized formulation underwent comprehensive evaluation employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, its activity was evaluated through in vitro penetration studies and in vivo assessments. Results: R9 was identified as the optimal candidate, demonstrating an encapsulation efficiency of 94.63 \u00b1 1.60%, a vesicle size of 174 \u00b1 1.15 nm, a zeta potential of \u221246.5 \u00b1 1.61 mV, a polydispersity index of 0.184 \u00b1 0.01, and a drug release rate of 51 \u00b1 0.50% within 8 h. This optimal formula achieved 94 \u00b1 1.75% permeation of oxiconazole within 24 h. FTIR examination affirmed the interaction of oxiconazole and the excipients, while DSC analysis verified the thermal durability of oxiconazole. In vivo histopathological examination demonstrated the superior efficacy of the optimal formula in treating Candida albicans infection. Conclusions: Novasomes emerge as a promising and efficacious system for oxiconazole encapsulation, holding significant potential for the effective and prolonged management of topical fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18121803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T11:43:22Z","timestamp":1764157402000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formulation and Characterization of Oxiconazole-Loaded Novasomes to Enhance the Treatment of Fungus Infections: Experimentally Induced Candidiasis in Rat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8705-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Mousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Authority of Health Care, Ismailia Governorate, Ismailia 11517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6269-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelghafar M.","family":"Abu-Elsaoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 1690950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shereen A.","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Abd","family":"Elghany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Khodeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13317, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathy E.","family":"Abdelgawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez 43713, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, L.B.B., Castilho, I.G., de Souza Silva, F.A., Ghannoum, M., Garcia, M.T., and do Carmo, P.H.F. 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