{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:02:30Z","timestamp":1787029350401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Nihon University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Linezolid is a first-in-class oxazolidinone antibiotic that exhibits activity against Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, its clinical use is often restricted because of hematological toxicities, particularly thrombocytopenia, in patients with renal impairment. That side effect is thought to result from the systemic accumulation of pharmacologically inactive metabolites generated by oxidative degradation and ring-opening of the morpholine, but the details remain unclear. In this study, we established a novel synthetic route for four linezolid metabolites (PNU-142618, 142300, 142586 and 173558). Methods: The four major metabolites, which are secondary or tertiary amines, were synthesized using the aniline derivatives protected with a 2-nitrobenzensulfonyl (Ns) group. Results: Application of this Ns strategy enabled selective N-alkylation, enabling efficient synthesis of the target metabolites. The desired metabolites containing a carboxylic acid group were obtained as their sodium salts. This is the first report on the synthesis of PNU-142618 and 173558. Conclusions: The established synthetic pathway provides access to four linezolid metabolites. The results facilitated the provision of compounds necessary for comprehensive pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18121821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1764665362000},"page":"1821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Unified Approach to Synthesizing Four Linezolid Metabolites That May Cause Thrombocytopenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Naoki","family":"Oikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsu","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiro","family":"Kurosaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacometrics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacometrics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7967-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacometrics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-9807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taketo","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1021\/jm800038g","article-title":"Linezolid (ZYVOX), the first member of a completely new class of antibacterial agents for treatment of serious gram-positive infections","volume":"51","author":"Brickner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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