{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1776303316484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23-74-00044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-74-00044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In Siberian folk medicine, Sagan-Dalya (Rhododendron adamsii Rehder) of the Ericaceae family is used as a tonic and restorative in the form of infusions and decoctions. Pharmacological studies have shown that alcoholic extracts of this plant enhance performance and have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Rhododendron adamsii shoots accumulate essential oil (up to 1.6%), flavonoids (1.8\u20133.0%), tannins (up to 6.9%), phenolic carbolic acids, \u03b2-sitosterin, oleanolic and ursolic acids, simple phenolic compounds, and coumarins. Methods: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) is the most preferred environmentally friendly and selective method for extracting these natural compounds from the plant matrix of Rh. adamsii due to their high thermolability. Tandem mass spectrometry was applied to detect chemical compounds. Mass-spectrometry (MS) analysis was performed on an ion trap equipped with an ESI source in negative and positive ion modes. The capture rate was one spectrum\/s for MS and two spectrum\/s for MS\/MS. All experiments were repeated three times. A four-stage ion separation mode (MS\/MS mode) was implemented. Results: The operative parameters and working conditions have been optimized by different pressure (100\u2013400 bars) and temperature (31\u201370 \u00b0C) regimes, and CO2 flow rate (10\u201325 mL\/min) with 1 C2H5OH as a co-solvent. The extraction time varied from 60 to 90 min. The maximum global yield of biologically active substances (BAS) from R. adamsii leaves and stems was observed under the following extraction conditions: Pressure: 350 bar, extraction temperature: 65 \u00b0C, extraction time: 1 h; the global yield of BAS was 8.5 mg\/g of plant sample; the share of the co-solvent (C2H5OH) was 2%. In total, forty-nine different BAS were identified in the Rh. adamsii SC-CO2 extracts. Conclusions: The obtained results may shed new light on the scientific basis for the traditional medicinal use of Rh. adamsii leaf and stem extracts. The pharmacological contribution of the identified phytocannabinoids requires further detailed study. It is hypothesized that the excellent transdermal permeability of supercritical extracts may open new therapeutic approaches using transdermal formulations based on SC-CO2 extracts of Rh. adamsii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18121823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1764665362000},"page":"1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Tandem Mass Spectrometry of the Medicinal Plant Sagan Dalya (Rhododendron adamsii)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-1649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayya P.","family":"Razgonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 42-44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Zakharenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Engineering School \u201cAgrobiotek\u201d, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 7 Centralnaya Street, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill S.","family":"Golokhvast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Engineering School \u201cAgrobiotek\u201d, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 7 Centralnaya Street, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chamberlain, D., Hyam, R., Argent, G., Fairweather, G., and Walter, K.S. (1996). The Genus Rhododendron: Its Classification and Synonymy, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02329610","article-title":"Flavonoids of Siberian-Far-Eastern Species of Rhododendrons of the Subspecies Rhodorastrum","volume":"34","author":"Belousov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00598991","article-title":"Intraspecies Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil of Ledum palustre","volume":"26","author":"Belousova","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Popov, M.G. (1957). Flora of Middle Siberia, Academy of Sciences of the USSR."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/amet.12483","article-title":"Plant Matters: Buddhist Medicine and Economies of Attention in Postsocialist Siberia","volume":"44","author":"Chudakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Ethnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1134\/S1022795422010082","article-title":"Genetic Identification of Closely Related Endangered Rhododendron Species from East Asia","volume":"58","author":"Polezhaeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-006-0172-9","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Essential Oil Compositions from Leaves and Stems of Rhododendron adamsii, R. aureum, and R. dauricum","volume":"42","author":"Rogachev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"561","article-title":"Phytochemical Study of Adams Rhododendron (Rhododendron adamsii) Rehder. The Quantitative Definition of Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids in Some Representatives of the Family Ericaceae","volume":"15","author":"Rogachev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"185","article-title":"Some Prenylated Phenols of Rhododendron adamsii: Isolation, Modification and Pharmacological Tests","volume":"17","author":"Rogachev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"164","article-title":"Study of Chemical Composition of Overground Organs of Adams Rhododendron by High Performance Liquid Chromatography","volume":"7","author":"Mirovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. East-Sib. Sci. Cent. Sib. Branch Russ. Acad. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2019.04.009","article-title":"Dense CO2 Technology: Overview of Recent Applications for Drug Processing\/Formulation\/Delivery","volume":"140","author":"Matos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2012.06.017","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Triterpenic Acids from Eucalyptus globulus Bark","volume":"70","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.04.009","article-title":"Dynamics of Supercritical Extraction of Biological Active Substances from the Juniperus communis Var. Saxatillis","volume":"102","author":"Aliev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, G.P., Balducchi, R., Mehariya, S., Martino, M., Larocca, V., Di Sanzo, G., Iovine, A., Casella, P., Marino, T., and Karatza, D. (2019). Selective Extraction of \u03c9-3 Fatty Acids from Nannochloropsis sp. Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132406"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162023070889","article-title":"Investigation of the Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Wild Ledum Palustre L. (Rhododendron Tomentosum Harmaja) and Identification of Its Metabolites by Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Razgonova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13078615","article-title":"Green Extraction of Natural Products: Concept and Principles","volume":"13","author":"Chemat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2014.07.025","article-title":"Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Anthocyanins from Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Residues Using Supercritical CO2 and Pressurized Liquids","volume":"95","author":"Paes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brglez Mojzer, E., Knez Hrn\u010di\u010d, M., \u0160kerget, M., Knez, \u017d., and Bren, U. (2016). Polyphenols: Extraction Methods, Antioxidative Action, Bioavailability and Anticarcinogenic Effects. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070901"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.11.013","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"76","author":"Duarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupnik, K., Leitgeb, M., Primo\u017ei\u010d, M., Postru\u017enik, V., Kotnik, P., Ku\u010duk, N., Knez, \u017d., and Marevci, M.K. (2022). Supercritical Fluid and Conventional Extractions of High Value-Added Compounds from Pomegranate Peels Waste: Production, Quantification and Antimicrobial Activity of Bioactive Constituents. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070928"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04933-1","article-title":"Supercritical CO2-Ethanol Extraction of Oil from Green Coffee Beans: Optimization Conditions and Bioactive Compound Identification","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.05.004","article-title":"Extraction of Soybean Isoflavones from Soybean Meal with Aqueous Methanol Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide","volume":"89","author":"Zuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8350","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02600","article-title":"Effective Production of Phenolic Compounds with Health Benefits in Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Hairy Root Cultures","volume":"68","author":"Jiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2008.00135.x","article-title":"Quantification of carotenoid and flavonoid components in brans of some thai black rice cultivars using supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Nakornriab","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-010-0404-7","article-title":"Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Xanthones from Mangosteen Pericarp by Response Surface Methodology","volume":"5","author":"Zarena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.11.027","article-title":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Fish Oil from Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Tissues","volume":"133","author":"Kuvendziev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-008-0998-4","article-title":"Isolation and Purification of Egg Yolk Phospholipids Using Liquid Extraction and Pilot-Scale Supercritical Fluid Techniques","volume":"228","author":"Aro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnegowda, R., Ravindra, M.R., and Sharma, M. (2021). Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction for Extraction or Enrichment of Phospholipids in Egg and Dairy Products: A Review. J. Food Process Eng., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13692"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., and Tian, T. (2018). Phytochemical Characterization of Mentha Spicata L. Under Differential Dried-Conditions and Associated Nephrotoxicity Screening of Main Compound with Organ-on-a-Chip. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01067"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmu155","article-title":"Rapid Characterization and Identification of Flavonoids in Radix Astragali by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Linear Ion Trap-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M.P., Navaz, M.A., Sabitov, A.S., Zinchenko, Y.N., Rusakova, E.A., Petrusha, E.N., Golokhvast, K.S., and Tikhonova, N.G. (2023). The Global Metabolome Profiles of Four Varieties of Lonicera caerulea, Established via Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9111188"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.040","article-title":"Anti-Oxidant and Inflammatory Mediator\u2019s Growth Inhibitory Effects of Compounds Isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria","volume":"116","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"525","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Major Constituents in Juglans mandshurica Using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF\/MS)","volume":"16","author":"Huo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9563","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201849d","article-title":"Bioactivities and Antiradical Properties of Millet Grains and Hulls","volume":"59","author":"Chandrasekara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M., Zakharenko, A., Ercisli, S., Grudev, V., and Golokhvast, K. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Far East Sikhotinsky Rhododendron (Rh. sichotense) and East Siberian Rhododendron (Rh. adamsii) Using Supercritical CO2-Extraction and HPLC-ESI-MS\/MS Spectrometry. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173774"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1350673","article-title":"UHPLC-MS\/MS Phenolic Profiling and in Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Inula graveolens (L.) Desf","volume":"32","author":"Silinsin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"238","article-title":"Chemical Constituents Isolated from Rhododendron ungernii with Antioxidant Profile","volume":"9","author":"Dede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2702-9","article-title":"LC\u2013ESI\u2013MS\/MS Based Characterization of Phenolic Components in Fruits of Two Species of Solanaceae","volume":"55","author":"Yasir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goufo, P., Singh, R.K., and Cortez, I. (2020). A Reference List of Phenolic Compounds (Including Stilbenes) in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Roots, Woods, Canes, Stems, and Leaves. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050398"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aita, S., Capriotti, A., Cavaliere, C., Cerrato, A., Giannelli Moneta, B., Montone, C., Piovesana, S., and Lagan\u00e0, A. (2021). Andean Blueberry of the Genus Disterigma: A High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Phenolic Compounds. Separations, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations8050058"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aabideen, Z.U., Mumtaz, M.W., Akhtar, M.T., Mukhtar, H., Raza, S.A., Touqeer, T., and Saari, N. (2020). Anti-Obesity Attributes; UHPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS-Based Metabolite Profiling and Molecular Docking Insights of Taraxacum officinale. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214935"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, M., Sher, H., Ali, H., Howes, M.-J.R., Langat, M.K., and Jan-Smith, E. (2025). Isolation of Cannabinoids and Triterpenoids from Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don (Ericaceae) Leaves. Nat. Prod. Res., 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2025.2505601"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c00975","article-title":"Terpenoids and Meroterpenoids from Cultures of Two Grass-Associated Species of Amylosporus (Basidiomycota)","volume":"85","author":"Kemkuignou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.3987\/COM-05-10501","article-title":"Isolation, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Grifolic Acid Derivatives from the Inedible Mushroom Albatrellus dispansus","volume":"65","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heterocycles"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00755.x","article-title":"Assemblages of Ericoid Mycorrhizal and Other Root-associated Fungi from Epacris pulchella (Ericaceae) as Determined by Culturing and Direct DNA Extraction from Roots","volume":"7","author":"Bougoure","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00481.x","article-title":"Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi Are Common Root Inhabitants of Non-Ericaceae Plants in a South-Eastern Australian Sclerophyll Forest","volume":"65","author":"Chambers","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deepak, H.V., Swamy, M.M.M., Murai, Y., Suga, Y., Anetai, M., Yo, T., Kuragano, M., Uwai, K., Tokuraku, K., and Monde, K. (2020). Daurichromenic Acid from the Chinese Traditional Medicinal Plant Rhododendron dauricum Inhibits Sphingomyelin Synthase and A\u03b2 Aggregation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184077"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Daurichromenic Acid-Producing Oxidocyclase in the Young Leaves of Rhododendron dauricum","volume":"9","author":"Taura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1021\/np900821e","article-title":"Discovery and Development of Natural Product-Derived Chemotherapeutic Agents Based on a Medicinal Chemistry Approach","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.18.00655","article-title":"An Aromatic Farnesyltransferase Functions in Biosynthesis of the Anti-HIV Meroterpenoid Daurichromenic Acid","volume":"178","author":"Saeki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taura, F., Iijima, M., and Kurosaki, F. (2018). Daurichromenic Acid and Grifolic Acid: Phytotoxic Meroterpenoids That Induce Cell Death in Cell Culture of Their Producer Rhododendron dauricum. Plant Signal. Behav., 13.","DOI":"10.1080\/15592324.2017.1422463"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702423200","article-title":"Both Sphingomyelin Synthases SMS1 and SMS2 Are Required for Sphingomyelin Homeostasis and Growth in Human HeLa Cells","volume":"282","author":"Tafesse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2025, November 24). Pharmacopoeia of the Eurasian Economic Union, Approved by Decision of the Board of Eurasian Economic Commission. Available online: https:\/\/eec.eaeunion.org\/en\/comission\/department\/deptexreg\/formirovanie-obshchikh-rynkov\/pharmacopoeia\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M., Zakharenko, A., Pikula, K., Kim, E., Chernyshev, V., Ercisli, S., Cravotto, G., and Golokhvast, K. (2020). Rapid Mass Spectrometric Study of a Supercritical CO2-Extract from Woody Liana Schisandra chinensis by HPLC-SPD-ESI-MS\/MS. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112689"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraone, I., Rai, D.K., Chiummiento, L., Fernandez, E., Choudhary, A., Prinzo, F., and Milella, L. (2018). Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Characterization of Senecio clivicolus Wedd. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102497"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7430717","article-title":"Identification and Differentiation of Polygonum multiflorum Radix and Polygoni multiflori Radix Preaparata through the Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by the Single-Marker Method","volume":"2019","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, C.A., Villena, G.K., and Rodr\u00edguez, E.F. (2021). Phytochemical Profile and Rosmarinic Acid Purification from Two Peruvian Lepechinia Willd. Species (Salviinae, Mentheae, Lamiaceae). Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86692-3"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.011","article-title":"HPLC\u2013DAD\u2013ESI-MS\/MS Screening of Bioactive Components from Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) Fruits","volume":"166","author":"Jamous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1080\/00387010.2019.1682013","article-title":"Tentative Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Three Species of the Genus Embelia by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Raghu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Cai, X., Li, G., He, X., Yu, X., Yu, X., Xiao, Q., Xiang, Z., and Wang, C. (2021). Chemical Constituents of Radix Actinidia chinensis Planch by UPLC\u2013QTOF\u2013MS. Biomed. Chromatogr., 35.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5103"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zengin, G., Mahomoodally, M.F., Sinan, K.I., Ak, G., Etienne, O.K., Sharmeen, J.B., Brunetti, L., Leone, S., Di Simone, S.C., and Recinella, L. (2021). Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Two Jatropha Species: Different Parts and Different Extraction Methods. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050792"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okhlopkova, Z., Ercisli, S., Razgonova, M., Ivanova, N., Antonova, E., Egorov, Y., Kucharova, E., and Golokhvast, K. (2023). Primary Determination of the Composition of Secondary Metabolites in the Wild and Introduced Artemisia martjanovii Krasch: Samples from Yakutia. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9121329"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"145","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds of Closely Related Rhododendron Species (Ericaceae)","volume":"14","author":"Karpova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turczaninowia"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"516","article-title":"Chromatographic Analysis of Chemical Composition of the Genus Rhododendron Plants Growing on the Mountain of Evota (South yakutia)","volume":"8","author":"Zaytseva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z., Wang, C., Zou, L., Liu, X., Chen, J., Tan, M., Mei, Y., and Wei, L. (2019). Comparison of Multiple Bioactive Constituents in the Flower and the Caulis of Lonicera Japonica Based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS\/MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101936"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202000962","article-title":"Rapid Qualitative Profiling and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolics in Ribes meyeri Leaves and Their Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities by HPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS and UHPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez, I.F., Escobedo-Alvarez, D.E., Mendoza-S\u00e1nchez, M., Rocha-Guzm\u00e1n, N.E., Reynoso-Camacho, R., Acosta-Gallegos, J.A., and Ramos-G\u00f3mez, M. (2023). Phytochemical Profile and Composition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): Varietal Differences and Effect of Germination under Elicited Conditions. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173093"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA11795F","article-title":"Antiradical\u2013Antimicrobial Activity and Phenolic Profile of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Juices from Different Cultivars: A Comparative Study","volume":"5","author":"Lantzouraki","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medic, A., Jakopic, J., Hudina, M., Solar, A., and Veberic, R. (2021). Identification and Quantification of the Major Phenolic Constituents in Juglans Regia L. Peeled Kernels and Pellicles, Using HPLC\u2013MS\/MS. Food Chem., 352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129404"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3233\/JBR-170158","article-title":"LC-MS Based Metabolomics Study of Different Parts of Myrtle Berry from Sardinia (Italy)","volume":"7","author":"Sarais","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M.P., Nawaz, M.A., Sabitov, A.S., and Golokhvast, K.S. (2024). Genus Ribes: Ribes aureum, Ribes pauciflorum, Ribes triste, and Ribes dikuscha\u2014Comparative Mass Spectrometric Study of Polyphenolic Composition and Other Bioactive Constituents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810085"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02547-2","article-title":"Profiling of Quercetin Glycosides and Acyl Glycosides in Sun-Dried Peperoni Di Senise Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) by a Combination of LC-ESI(-)-MS\/MS and Polarity Prediction in Reversed-Phase Separations","volume":"412","author":"Pascale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.21448\/ijsm.947033","article-title":"Synergistic Interaction between Propolis Extract, Essential Oils, and Antibiotics against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Belmehdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Second. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodalska, A., Kowalczyk, A., W\u0142odarczyk, M., and Fecka, I. (2019). Analysis of Polyphenolic Composition of a Herbal Medicinal Product\u2014Peppermint Tincture. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010069"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena, P., Cirlini, M., Tassotti, M., Herrlinger, K., Dall\u2019Asta, C., and Del Rio, D. (2016). Phytochemical Profiling of Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Terpenoids, and Volatile Fraction of a Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111576"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, W., Li, K., Qin, S., Xiong, P., Peng, J., Shi, S., and Zhang, Z. (2021). Rapid Identification and Systematic Mechanism of Flavonoids from Potentilla freyniana Bornm. Based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Network Pharmacology. Int. J. Anal. Chem., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6619959"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Bashmil, Y.M., Cottrell, J.J., Suleria, H.A.R., and Dunshea, F.R. (2021). LC-MS\/MS-QTOF Screening and Identification of Phenolic Compounds from Australian Grown Herbs and Their Antioxidant Potential. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111770"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Said, R., Hamed, A.I., Mahalel, U.A., Al-Ayed, A.S., Kowalczyk, M., Moldoch, J., Oleszek, W., and Stochmal, A. (2017). Tentative Characterization of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Male Flowers of Phoenix Dactylifera by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry and DFT. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030512"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoub, I.M., El-Baset, M.A., Elghonemy, M.M., Bashandy, S.A.E., Ibrahim, F.A.A., Ahmed-Farid, O.A.H., El Gendy, A.E.-N.G., Afifi, S.M., Esatbeyoglu, T., and Farrag, A.R.H. (2022). Chemical Profile of Cyperus laevigatus and Its Protective Effects against Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196470"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.04.003","article-title":"Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Jocote (Spondias purpurea L.) Peels by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","volume":"46","author":"Engels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmaa112","article-title":"Identification of Chemopreventive Components from Halophytes Belonging to Aizoaceae and Cactaceae Through LC\/MS\u2014Bioassay Guided Approach","volume":"59","author":"Hamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201700393","article-title":"Phytochemical Profiling of Anti-inflammatory Lavandula Extracts via RP\u2013HPLC\u2013DAD\u2013QTOF\u2013MS and \u2013MS\/MS: Assessment of Their Qualitative and Quantitative Differences","volume":"39","author":"Algieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trifan, A., Zengin, G., Sinan, K.I., Sieniawska, E., Sawicki, R., Maciejewska-Turska, M., Skalikca-Wo\u017aniak, K., and Luca, S.V. (2022). Unveiling the Phytochemical Profile and Biological Potential of Five Artemisia Species. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11051017"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3084","article-title":"LC\u2013MS Metabolomics Analysis of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves Cultivated in Malaysia in Relation to Different Developmental Stages","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.09.027","article-title":"Characterization by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection Coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of the Phenolic Fraction in a Cranberry Syrup Used to Prevent Urinary Tract Diseases, Together with a Study of Its Antibacterial Activity","volume":"58","author":"Iswaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.163","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds of Selected Fruits from Madeira Island by HPLC-DAD\u2013ESI-MSn and Screening for Their Antioxidant Activity","volume":"173","author":"Pinto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11053","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b05046","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Major Constituents in Different-Colored Rapeseed Petals by UPLC\u2013HESI-MS\/MS","volume":"67","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, L., Schmiech, M., El Gaafary, M., Zhang, X., Syrovets, T., and Simmet, T. (2020). A Comparative Study on Root and Bark Extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Their Effects on Human Macrophages. Phytomedicine, 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153181"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1276","article-title":"Identification of Lignans by Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization Ion-trap Mass Spectrometry","volume":"43","author":"Eklund","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-017-2718-4","article-title":"Metabolite Profiling of Red and Blue Potatoes Revealed Cultivar and Tissue Specific Patterns for Anthocyanins and Other Polyphenols","volume":"246","author":"Oertel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1021\/np0580412","article-title":"Metabolic Fate of Fraxin Administered Orally to Rats","volume":"69","author":"Yasuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7846","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0486850","article-title":"Characterization of Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Some Cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and Their Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Lin, L., Xiong, X., Zhang, D., Sun, M., Cai, M., and Yu, X. (2023). Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiling Provides Insights into Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Flower Coloring in Loropetalum chinense and Loropetalum chinense Var. Rubrum. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13051296"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M.P., Bazhenova, B.A., Zabalueva, Y.Y., Burkhanova, A.G., Zakharenko, A.M., Kupriyanov, A.N., Sabitov, A.S., Ercisli, S., and Golokhvast, K.S. (2022). Rosa davurica Pall., Rosa rugosa Thumb., and Rosa acicularis Lindl. Originating from Far Eastern Russia: Screening of 146 Chemical Constituents in Three Species of the Genus Rosa. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199401"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.03.053","article-title":"Colonic Fermentation of Polyphenols from Chilean Currants (Ribes spp.) and Its Effect on Antioxidant Capacity and Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Enzymes","volume":"258","author":"Theoduloz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.11.001","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds Profile of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. Leaves Showing Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties","volume":"127","author":"Mekam","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2018.07.009","article-title":"Photosynthetic Characteristics and Metabolic Analyses of Two Soybean Genotypes Revealed Adaptive Strategies to Low-Nitrogen Stress","volume":"229","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1556\/AChrom.27.2015.4.9","article-title":"UPLC\/Q-TOF-MS Analysis for Identification of Hydrophilic Phenolics and Lipophilic Diterpenoids from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razgonova, M.P., Nawaz, M.A., Rusakova, E.A., Sabitov, A.S., Tikhonova, N.G., and Golokhvast, K.S. (2025). Comparative Analysis of the Metabolomic Profile of Honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea L. from Four Eurasian Regions by Using HPLC-ESI-MS and ESI-MS\/MS Analysis. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30183761"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papazian, S., Parrot, D., Bur\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e1, B., Weinberger, F., and Tasdemir, D. (2019). Surface Chemical Defence of the Eelgrass Zostera marina against Microbial Foulers. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39212-3"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Y., Zhang, K., Wei, L., Chen, D., Chen, Q., Jiao, M., Li, X., Huang, J., Gong, Z., and Kang, N. (2021). The Molecular Mechanism of Antioxidation of Huolisu Oral Liquid Based on Serum Analysis and Network Analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.710976"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2963","article-title":"Chemical Characterisation and Quantification of the Major Constituents in the Chinese Herbal Formula Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen Pill by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS\/MS","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.01.013","article-title":"Rhododendron Tomentosum (Ledum Palustre). A Review of Traditional Use Based on Current Research","volume":"85","author":"Dampc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.01.045","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Ginkgolides A, B, C and Bilobalide in Plasma by LC\u2013MS\/MS and Its Application to the Pharmacokinetic Study of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Rats","volume":"864","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, M., Cao, J., Khan, A., and Cheng, G. (2020). UHPLC-ESI-HRMS\/MS Analysis on Phenolic Compositions of Different E Se Tea Extracts and Their Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities. Food Chem., 318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126512"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"711","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Xingxiong Injection by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizah, M., Pripdeevech, P., Thongkongkaew, T., Mahidol, C., Ruchirawat, S., and Kittakoop, P. (2020). UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS-Based Molecular Networking Guided Isolation and Dereplication of Antibacterial and Antifungal Constituents of Ventilago denticulata. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090606"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.01.027","article-title":"Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Extractives in Heartwood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by Gas Chromatography","volume":"1109","author":"Ekeberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakir, D., Akdeniz, M., Ertas, A., Yilmaz, M.A., Yener, I., Firat, M., and Kolak, U. (2020). A GC\u2013MS Method Validation for Quantitative Investigation of Some Chemical Markers in Salvia hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. of Turkey: Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Ferruginol. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13350"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez Montenegro, Z.J., \u00c1lvarez-Rivera, G., Mendiola, J.A., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, E., and Cifuentes, A. (2021). Extraction and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Terpenes Recovered from Olive Leaves Using a New Adsorbent-Assisted Supercritical CO2 Process. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061301"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/12\/1823\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T05:18:34Z","timestamp":1764739114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/12\/1823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18121823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18121823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}}}