{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1789003755508,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004263","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24\/2551-0001384-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24\/2551-0001384-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CNPq, CAPES, and FAPEMIG","award":["BPQ-06531\u201324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPQ-06531\u201324"]}]},{"name":"CNPq, CAPES, and FAPEMIG","award":["APQ-06531\u201324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-06531\u201324"]}]},{"name":"CNPq, CAPES, and FAPEMIG","award":["APQ-01241\u201322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-01241\u201322"]}]},{"name":"REMITRIBIC at Minas Gerais"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of global mortality, with 1.25 million deaths reported in 2023. Extended treatment duration contributes to poor patient adherence and treatment failure. Innovative drug delivery platforms are needed to improve therapeutic outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to develop nanoemulsions co-encapsulating quercetin and rifampicin and evaluate their physicochemical properties and in vitro biological activity relevant to TB therapy. Methods: Nanoemulsions (NEs) were prepared via hot solvent diffusion and phase inversion temperature techniques. Physicochemical characterization, stability, anti-inflammatory effects in BEAS-2B cells, and antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and resistant strains were assessed in vitro. Results: The quercetin-rifampicin nanoemulsion (QUE-RIF-NE) showed an average size of 24 nm, zeta potential of \u221227 mV, and drug recovery rates of 77% (quercetin) and 75% (rifampicin). The formulation was stable and non-cytotoxic at 10\u22128 M, reducing IFN-\u03b3 production by half and reactive oxygen species production by almost 75% in BEAS-2B cells. It also exhibited antimycobacterial activity against both susceptible and resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MIC \u2264 0.015 \u00b5g\/mL). Conclusions: QUE-RIF-NE exhibits promising physicochemical stability and dual anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity in vitro, demonstrating potential for optimized pulmonary or systemic TB therapy that integrates both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18121829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1764665362000},"page":"1829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rifampicin\/Quercetin Nanoemulsions: Co-Encapsulation and In Vitro Biological Assessment Toward Tuberculosis Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8959-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank do Carmo Guedes","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"H\u00e4drich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila de Oliveira","family":"Vian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0951-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Richter","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia Campello","family":"Yurgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0032-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Pastorim","family":"Vaiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Alves Fel\u00edcio da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Qu\u00edmica de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelle Oliveira","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanessa Maria dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Experimental de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0342-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Sodr\u00e9","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Experimental de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Cristina dos Santos","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Experimental de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor","family":"Villa Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Experimental de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Nascimento da Silva","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Experimental de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre de Paula","family":"Rog\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Experimental de Imunofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergiane Caldas","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Qu\u00edmica de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-232X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ednei Gilberto","family":"Primel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Qu\u00edmica de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1666-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Eduardo Almeida da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradu\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Laborat\u00f3rio de Nanotecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela 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