{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T23:31:34Z","timestamp":1775691094721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AEXCID-Junta de Extremadura","award":["24IA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24IA001"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Brazil","award":["200824\/2024-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200824\/2024-4"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq), Brazil","award":["88881.981672\/2024-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.981672\/2024-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent studies have associated the presence of the CYP2C:TG haplotype with increased metabolism of CYP2C19 substrates such as escitalopram and sertraline, suggesting a potential regulatory interaction between CYP2C18 and CYP2C19. However, this association has not been demonstrated for other CYP2C19 substrates. Objective: This study aims to elucidate the role of the CYP2C:TG haplotype in modulating CYP2C19 activity using the omeprazole metabolic ratio (MR) within a cocktail drug approach, to characterize its distribution and prevalence among Native Mexican populations, and to evaluate its potential impact on CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes. Materials and Methods: A total of 256 volunteers from various ethnic native groups from Mexico were genotyped for CYP2C19 (*2, *3, *4, *5, *17) and the CYP2C haplotype (rs2860840 and rs11188059). The MR of omeprazole to 5-hydroxyomeprazole was analyzed to determine individual CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes and assess metabolic capacity. Results: The CYP2C:TG haplotype was the most prevalent (42.77%), followed by CYP2C:CG (35.74%) and CYP2C:TA (21.48%). The CYP2C:TG haplotype was consistently associated with the CYP2C19*1 allele. Significant differences in logMR values were observed between individuals with and without the TG haplotype (p = 0.02). A trend toward increased metabolic activity associated with CYP2C:TG was observed across most CYP2C19 metabolizer groups, except for rapid metabolizers. No significant association was found between molecular ancestry and the presence or functionality of the haplotype. Conclusions: The CYP2C:TG haplotype appears to be associated with increased CYP2C19 activity, warranting further functional validation before clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1766154436000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["CYP2C:TG Haplotype in Native Mexicans, Molecular Ancestry and Its Implications for CYP2C19 Genotype\u2013Phenotype Correlation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6787-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"de la Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine de Godoy","family":"Torso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Villatoro-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Mata-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2559-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Rodrigues-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Genetic and Evolution, Universidade Federal do Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Galaviz-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Academia de Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Durango 34220, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Pe\u00f1as-Lled\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Sosa-Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Academia de Gen\u00f3mica, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango, Durango 34220, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"LLerena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIBEF\/SIFF Red y Sociedad Iberoamericana de Farmacogen\u00e9tica y Farmacogen\u00f3mica, 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Bio-Sanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), 06080 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"RIBEF-IBEROFEN Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1973","article-title":"PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2C19","volume":"109","author":"Botton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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