{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T05:34:24Z","timestamp":1766468064200,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine high-level key discipline construction project","award":["zyyzdxk-2023186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zyyzdxk-2023186"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Recurrent oral ulceration (ROU) is the most prevalent disorder of the oral mucosa, affecting approximately 20% of the global population. Current therapies are limited by adverse effects and high recurrence rates. Ai-Fen, enriched in the anti-inflammatory monoterpenoid L-borneol (54.3% w\/w), exhibits therapeutic potential but suffers from poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to improve the physicochemical properties and in vivo efficacy of Ai-Fen through the preparation of solid dispersions. Methods: Ai-Fen solid dispersions (AF-SD) were prepared by a melt-fusion method using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) as the carrier. An L9(33) orthogonal design was employed to optimize three critical parameters: drug-to-carrier ratio, melting temperature, and melting duration. The resulting dispersions were systematically characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A chemically induced ROU model in rats (n = 8 per group) was established to evaluate the effects of AF-SD on ulcer area, serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, and histopathological outcomes. Results: The optimal formulation was obtained at a drug-to-carrier ratio of 1:2, a melting temperature of 70 \u00b0C, and a melting time of 5 min. Under these conditions, L-borneol release increased 2.5-fold. DSC and PXRD confirmed complete conversion of Ai-Fen to an amorphous state, while FTIR revealed a 13 cm\u22121 red shift in the O-H stretching band, indicating hydrogen-bond formation. In vivo, AF-SD reduced ulcer area by 60.7% (p &lt; 0.001) and achieved a healing rate of 74.16%. Serum TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 decreased by 55.5% and 49.6%, respectively (both p &lt; 0.001), whereas VEGF increased by 89.6% (p &lt; 0.001). Histological analysis confirmed marked reduction in inflammatory infiltration, accelerated re-epithelialization (score 2.50), and a 5.9-fold increase in neovascularization. Conclusions: AF-SD markedly enhanced the bioavailability of Ai-Fen through amorphization and accelerated ROU healing, likely via dual mechanisms involving suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB)-mediated inflammation and promotion of angiogenesis. This formulation strategy provides a promising approach for modernizing traditional herbal medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1766154436000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ai-Fen Solid Dispersions: Preparation, Characterization, and Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy in a Rat Model of Oral Ulceration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bing-Nan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Lang","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Liu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping-Xuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Li","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Min","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xin","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A review","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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