{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:50Z","timestamp":1787029250063,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug discovery is a complex and multi-stage process that requires advanced analytical technologies capable of accelerating preclinical evaluation and improving the precision of therapeutic design. The combination of fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within multimodal imaging plays an increasingly important role in modern pharmacokinetics, integrating the high molecular sensitivity of fluorescence with the non-invasive anatomical visualization offered by MRI. Fluorescence enables real-time monitoring of cellular processes, including drug\u2013target interactions and molecular dynamics, whereas MRI provides detailed structural information on tissues without exposure to ionizing radiation. Hybrid probes\u2014such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) functionalized with near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores or gadolinium-based complexes linked to optical dyes\u2014enable simultaneous acquisition of molecular and anatomical data in a single examination. These multimodal systems are being explored in oncology, neurology, and cardiology, where they support improved visualization of tumor biology, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory processes in vascular disease. Although multimodal imaging shows great promise for enhancing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, several challenges remain, including the potential toxicity of heavy-metal-based contrast agents, limited tissue penetration of fluorescence signals, probe stability in vivo, and the complexity and cost of synthesis. Advances in nanotechnology, particularly biodegradable carriers and manganese-based MRI contrasts, together with the integration of artificial intelligence algorithms, are helping to address these limitations. In the future, fluorescence\u2013MRI hybrid imaging may become an important tool in personalized medicine, supporting more precise therapy planning and reducing the likelihood of clinical failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combining Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Drug Discovery\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Smolak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6851-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Dynarowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9277-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Henrykowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Tadeusza Kosciuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Guz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104160","article-title":"The pharmaceutical productivity gap\u2014Incremental decline in R&D efficiency despite transient improvements","volume":"29","author":"Fernald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. 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