{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:13:33Z","timestamp":1791566013839,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2014\/50928-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/50928-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"\u201cConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["# 465687\/2014-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 465687\/2014-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Financier of Studies and Projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#01.08.0457.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#01.08.0457.00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Research Support Foundation of the Federal District","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#00193-00002253\/2023-66"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00193-00002253\/2023-66"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a promising alternative method, driven by the presence of metabolites in plant matrices capable of acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. Seasonality is a key factor that influences the phytochemical composition of plants and can directly impact the yield, physicochemical characteristics, stability, and bioactivities of the obtained AgNPs. This study aimed to synthesize AgNPs using aqueous extracts from Paullinia cupana leaves collected during dry and rainy seasons, prepared by two different methods (agitation or infusion), to evaluate the impact of these variables on the biosynthesis and properties of the nanostructures. Methods: The extracts were characterized by UHPLC-HRMS\/MS, and their total phenolic compound (TPC) content and antioxidant potential against DPPH and ABTS radicals were determined. The AgNPs were characterized by UV\/Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), nano-particle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results: The metabolic profile results showed a predominance of alkaloids and flavonoids in all extracts, with greater phytochemical diversity in samples prepared by infusion. TPC indicated superior phenolic extraction in extracts prepared by infusion during the rainy season, correlating with greater antioxidant potential via the elimination of free radicals. The evolution of AgNP synthesis was accompanied by a gradual change in the color of the suspensions and the formation of plasmon bands between 410 and 430 nm, characteristic of spherical AgNPs. The nanostructures presented hydrodynamic diameters between 37.49 and 145.5 nm, PdI between 0.222 and 0.755, and Zeta potential between \u221211.3 and \u221239.9 mV, suggesting satisfactory colloidal stability. Morphological analyses revealed predominantly spherical particles with average diameters ranging from 33.61 to 48.86 nm and uniform distribution, while EDX spectra confirmed the presence of silver. Conclusions: Thus, our results demonstrate that both seasonality and the method of extract preparation influence the phytochemical composition and, consequently, the morphology, stability, and optical properties of AgNPs, with subtle emphasis on collections made during the rainy season and extracts prepared by infusion. Such knowledge contributes to the advancement of more reproducible and purpose-oriented syntheses in the field of green nanotechnology, enabling applications in various sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T17:24:58Z","timestamp":1767201898000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Paullinia cupana Kunth Leaf: Effect of Seasonality and Preparation Method of Aqueous Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Kelbis Oliveira","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Agroenergy, Bras\u00edlia 70770-901, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6354-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tain\u00e1 Pereira da Silva","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, University of Brasilia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isadora","family":"Flor\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6083-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Gomes","family":"Tavares Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1731-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo Sousa","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-6475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur Abinader","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structured Nanomaterials Study Group, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68005-120, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Oils of the Amazon, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlus","family":"Chorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1388-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo de Campos","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayane Batista","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12231-280, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8624-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerson","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Applied Bacteriology Laboratory, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9873-3098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f4nia Nair","family":"B\u00e1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5786-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio","family":"Taube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Par\u00e1 (UFOPA), Santar\u00e9m 68005-100, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-8736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f4nio de Aquino","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Agroenergy, Bras\u00edlia 70770-901, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7733-336X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clenilson 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