{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:05:16Z","timestamp":1791687916376,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), which is abundantly expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) across various epithelial malignancies, has emerged as a promising target for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. Although several reviews have addressed FAP-targeted diagnostics, a comprehensive synthesis integrating molecular biology, diagnostic performance, and early therapeutic development remains limited. This review summarises the current evidence on radionuclide-labelled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs), with particular emphasis on their diagnostic utility, emerging therapeutic applications, and the structural features that shape their biological behaviour. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on FAPI-based imaging and therapy. Results: Diagnostic studies consistently demonstrate high tumour-to-background contrast for [68Ga]Ga and [18F]-labelled FAPI radiotracers, particularly in tumours with prominent stromal components such as pancreatic, colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancers. FAPI PET\/CT often surpasses [18F]FDG in lesion conspicuity in the brain, liver, and peritoneum. Therapeutic evidence shows encouraging tumour retention and safety profiles for agents such as [177Lu]Lu-FAP-2286 and [90Y]Y-FAPI-46, while \u03b1-emitting radiotracers (e.g., [225Ac]Ac-FAPI-04) demonstrate potent antitumor effects in preclinical models. Conclusions: Radiolabelled FAPI radiotracers hold significant potential as dual diagnostic and therapeutic agents, particularly for desmoplastic tumours with high CAF content. Nonetheless, clinical evidence remains in its early stages, and substantial questions persist regarding dosimetry, intertumoral variability in FAP expression, and optimal ligand selection for therapy. Continued development of next-generation FAPI constructs, along with well-designed prospective trials, will be crucial in defining the future role of FAPI-based theranostics in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Radiolabelled FAPI Radiotracers in Oncology: A Comprehensive Review of Current Diagnostic and Emerging Therapeutic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3265-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Czuczejko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 2 Dr I. Romanowskiej St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 9 M. Curie Sk\u0142odowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Ma\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 2 Dr I. Romanowskiej St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1378-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Nuszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Ho\u0142y\u0144ska-Iwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electrophysiology of Epithelial Tissue and Skin, Department of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 9 M. Curie Sk\u0142odowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0723-7719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wa\u015bniowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 2 Dr I. Romanowskiej St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Electroradiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Sandomierska 16 St., 85-830 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1208-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"M\u0105dra-Gackowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Sk\u0142odowskiej Curie 9 St, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7880-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktor","family":"Dr\u00f3\u017cd\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 9 M. Curie Sk\u0142odowskiej St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8123-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Szewczyk-Golec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 24 Kar\u0142owicza St., 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2011.25659","article-title":"The Tumour and Its Microenvironment\u2014A Complicated Interplay","volume":"5","author":"Dyduch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesna Onkol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgonje, P.E., Andrews, L.M., Herder, G.J.M., and de Klerk, J.M.H. 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