{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:57:51Z","timestamp":1790017071537,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nucleo UNAB","award":["Nucleo UNAB DI-03-23\/NUC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nucleo UNAB DI-03-23\/NUC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation are central contributors to many diseases. Curcuma longa L. and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench are widely used medicinal plants with extensive preclinical evidence supporting immunomodulatory effects. Their key metabolites, curcuminoids, turmerones, alkamides, polysaccharides, and caffeic acid derivatives, engage with critical pathways, including NF-\u03baB, MAPK, JAK\/STAT, and Nrf2. This interaction modulates cytokine production, oxidative stress responses, and both innate and adaptive immune activities. Although numerous mechanistic and early clinical studies support these actions, human evidence remains inconsistent, partly due to poor and variable oral bioavailability and substantial heterogeneity in extract composition, despite the existence of some standardized preparations. Recent technological strategies, including micelles, phytosomes, phospholipid complexes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, and liposomal systems, have improved solubility, stability, and systemic exposure of key metabolites, particularly curcuminoids. However, clinical results are still limited and often derived from small or heterogeneous trials. This review summarizes the ethnopharmacological background, mechanistic data, clinical findings, and formulation advances for both species and highlights the translational barriers that restrict their therapeutic application. Rigorous clinical studies using standardized and technologically optimized preparations are required to determine the true immunomodulatory potential of C. longa and E. purpurea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T16:07:07Z","timestamp":1767629227000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pharmacological Insights and Technological Innovations in Curcuma longa L. and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench as Plant-Derived Immunomodulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6084-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Guajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4165-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mait\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matem\u00e1tica y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabel","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas SEK, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK, Santiago 7520317, Chile"},{"name":"Fachbereich Ingenieur-und Naturwissenschaften, Hochschule Merseburg\u2014University of Applied Sciences, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Str. 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Klagges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas SEK, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK, Santiago 7520317, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Castillo-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Biol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8608-9813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Carolina","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1562","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1562","article-title":"Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic by Strengthening Immunity as a Nonpharmaceutical Intervention: A Major Public Health Challenge","volume":"6","author":"Uddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. 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