{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:38:38Z","timestamp":1781617118664,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNESCO-TWAS","award":["FR3240330977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR3240330977"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical almond tree (Terminalia catappa L.), belonging to the Combretaceae family, is an unfurling tree with different edible parts. This review discussed the nutritional content, ethnopharmacological applications, main bioactive components, biological effects and economic potential of T. catappa. T. catappa shows essential applications in medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceutics. The nutritional values of T. catappa are associated with its contents of carbohydrates, minerals, proteins, lipids, vitamins and amino acids. It is used in many ethnopharmacological applications, including a heart stimulator, anti-diarrhoeal, bactericidal, anti-parasitic and anti-stress. T. catappa is used to treat angina pectoris, asthma attacks and bronchitis. The main reported biological activities for T. catappa were antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-atherosclerosis, antitumor, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antimalaria, hepatoprotective, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory and antihyperlipidemic activities. The main bioactive components reported in T. catappa encompassed phenolic compounds, alkaloids, diterpenes, fatty acids, galloyl glucose and derivatives, steroids and coumarins. T. catappa shows great economic opportunities which need to be expanded and diversified, taking into account its sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1767688978000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tropical Almond Tree (Terminalia catappa L.): A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemical Composition, Bioactivities and Economic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1227-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Zannou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 526, Benin"},{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3441-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour M. H.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9n\u00e9rande Y.","family":"Ballogou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche en G\u00e9nie Enzymatique et Alimentaire, Laboratoire d\u2019Etude et de Recherche en Chimie Appliqu\u00e9e, Ecole Polytechnique d\u2019Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 2009, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2450-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarhan","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55139 Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3835-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann Emmanuel","family":"Miassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Houngb\u00e9dji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 03 BP 2819, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kossivi Fabrice","family":"Dossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, Geography and Geomatics, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Abdoulaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Technology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 01 BP 4521, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ghellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Laboratory (LSA), Department of Food Engineering, ISVSA, University of Batna, Batna 05000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4859-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y\u00e9noukounm\u00e8 E.","family":"Kpoclou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Science et Technologie des Aliments et Bioressources et de Nutrition Humaine, Ecole des Sciences et Techniques de Conservation et de Transformation des Produits Agricoles, Universit\u00e9 Nationale d\u2019Agriculture, Sak\u00e9t\u00e9 BP 114, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6154-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Midimahu V.","family":"A\u00efssi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Science et Technologie des Aliments et Bioressources et de Nutrition Humaine, Ecole des Sciences et Techniques de Conservation et de Transformation des Produits Agricoles, Universit\u00e9 Nationale d\u2019Agriculture, Sak\u00e9t\u00e9 BP 114, Benin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5432-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulden","family":"Goksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6089-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilkay","family":"Koca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55139 Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-4656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Tahergorabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.47413\/vidya.v2i2.290","article-title":"Tropical Almond: The Valuable Tree","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vidya-A J. 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