{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T18:22:09Z","timestamp":1779214929742,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006827","name":"FLDOH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["2R01AI132711-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01AI132711-06"]}]},{"name":"USF Provost\u2019s CREATE Award","award":["FY24\u201327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY24\u201327"]}]},{"name":"COPH Research Award"},{"name":"WLP award","award":["FY2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2023"]}]},{"name":"USF Microbiome Institute Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19AI181593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI181593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Malaria remains a major global health burden, increasingly complicated by resistance to artemisinin-based therapies. Because artemisinin activation depends on heme and porphyrin chemistry, we sought to exploit host red blood cell (RBC) heme metabolism as a therapeutic vulnerability. This study aims to develop and evaluate a host-directed \u201cbait-and-kill\u201d strategy that selectively sensitizes malaria-infected RBCs to artemisinin. Methods: We integrated quantitative proteomics, erythropoiesis transcriptomic analyses, flow cytometry, and in vitro malaria culture assays to characterize heme metabolism in mature RBCs and Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs (iRBCs). The heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was used to induce porphyrin accumulation, and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was applied as the killing agent. Drug synergy, porphyrin accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, and parasite survival were assessed, including ring-stage survival assays using artemisinin-resistant clinical isolates. Results: Mature RBCs retain a truncated heme biosynthesis pathway capable of accumulating porphyrin intermediates, while uninfected RBCs are impermeable to ALA. In contrast, iRBCs exhibit increased membrane permeability, allowing selective ALA uptake and porphyrin accumulation. ALA alone did not induce cytotoxicity or ROS, whereas DHA induced ROS and parasite killing. The ALA + DHA combination resulted in synergistic parasite elimination, including complete clearance of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates from the Greater Mekong Subregion, with no recrudescence observed over three weeks of culture. Evidence supports a predominant role for host-derived heme metabolites in mediating this synergy. Conclusions: The bait-and-kill strategy selectively exploits host RBC heme metabolism to restore and enhance artemisinin efficacy while sparing uninfected cells. Using clinically safe compounds, this host-directed approach provides a promising, resistance-bypassing framework for malaria treatment and combination drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1768811036000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Targeting Infected Host Cell Heme Metabolism to Kill Malaria Parasites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Faiza A.","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swamy R.","family":"Adapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"USF Genomics Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8338-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rays H. 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