{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:07:32Z","timestamp":1769576852244,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"national Key research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YfC2411800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YfC2411800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The metabolic complications and poor biocompatibility of conventional glucose-based (GLU) peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) have driven the need for improved alternatives. To address this, we developed and evaluated a novel PDF utilizing succinylated gelatin (GEL) as osmotic agent and citrate as buffer, designed to provide effective solute clearance while offering enhanced biocompatibility. Methods: Physicochemical parameters (pH and osmolality) of the novel GEL-PDF were measured. Its performance was assessed in rats with chronic kidney disease. A total of 20 rats were randomized into short-term experiments to evaluate 4 h creatinine clearance and ultrafiltration (UF). A 12-week long-term experiment (n = 35) compared the GEL-PDF against normal saline (NS), GLU, and icodextrin-based (ICO) PDFs, monitoring survival, biochemical parameters, peritoneal membrane histology, and kidney histology. Results: The GEL-PDF demonstrated a neutral pH (7.30) and lower osmolality (317 mOsm\/L) compared to GLU-PDF. In the short-term experiment, GEL-PDF achieved effective creatinine clearance by 4 h and provided higher 4 h UF than NS and GLU, comparable to ICO. However, during prolonged dwells (6\u201316 h), its UF was inferior to ICO. In the long-term experiment, GEL-PDF preserved peritoneal membrane structure, showing the least thickness and collagen deposition. Furthermore, the GEL-PDF demonstrated superior preservation of serum albumin compared to the GLU-PDF. It also exhibited a more favorable lipid profile, as evidenced by significantly lower total cholesterol levels than the ICO group at 12 weeks (p = 0.035), with no adverse effects on electrolytes, liver function, or glucose metabolism. Conclusions: The novel GEL and citrate-based PDF provide effective short-dwell UF and solute removal while exhibiting superior biocompatibility, as evidenced by significant protection against peritoneal membrane injury and favorable metabolic profiles. Although its long-duration UF was lower than that of ICO, it substantially outperformed GLU-PDF. These properties position the GEL-PDF as a promising candidate for short- to medium-dwell exchanges, particularly for daytime use, where it could fill an important clinical gap by providing enhanced UF without the high GLU exposure associated with conventional PDF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19020222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid Based on Succinylated Gelatin and Citrate: A Preliminary Investigation of Efficacy, Safety, and Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7331-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3061-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0315-4","article-title":"The current and future landscape of dialysis","volume":"16","author":"Himmelfarb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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