{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:33:36Z","timestamp":1792089216016,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cervical dysplasia, a precursor to cervical cancer, represents a significant global health challenge, particularly in regions like Central America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Current management approaches rely on surgical or ablative interventions, which can lead to complications, for example, preterm birth and cervical insufficiency. Therefore, developing non-invasive, localized therapeutic alternatives is of great clinical interest. Curcumin is a natural compound that suppresses the progression of cervical cancer, but it has poor oral bioavailability and high clearance. Methods: We incorporated curcumin into solid lipid nanoparticles, which were then loaded into rapidly dissolving films. These films show the sustained release profile of curcumin at the localized vaginal site, demonstrating release kinetics consistent with the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model. Results: The curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles yielded a size of 341 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.373, and the zeta potential was \u221223.4 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles was 77.27% using a validated HPLC method. FTIR analysis supported successful incorporation of curcumin into the lipid matrix. A Box\u2013Behnken Design of Experiments optimized the key film formulation parameters and yielded a film with a tensile strength of 2.8 mPa, disintegration time of 3 min, folding endurance of 263, film thickness of 0.426 mm and a pH of 4.0. Conclusions: In vitro assays in human cervical carcinoma cells demonstrated enhanced mortality and autophagosome formation by the curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles when compared to free curcumin. Surface expression of MHC I, MHCII, CD40 and CD80 in peripheral dendritic cells was significantly higher in the curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles than in free curcumin. Results show that solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with curcumin effectively stimulate and activate dendritic cells, supporting immune cell activation outside the tumor microenvironment. The proposed pain-free self-administration strategies will lead to increased patient compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19020326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1771253747000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Design of Experiments in the Formulation and Characterization of 3D-Printed Vaginal Films Loaded with Curcumin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Cervical Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mahek","family":"Gulani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4780-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dedeepya","family":"Pasupuleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Larkin College of Pharmacy, 18301 North Miami Ave, Miami, FL 33169, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Harsoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6584-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehitha","family":"Akkineni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarthak","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Schaumburg, IL 60173, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6181-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanisha Manoj","family":"Arte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Adediran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Larkin College of Pharmacy, 18301 North Miami Ave, Miami, FL 33169, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarae","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1973-1036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditi","family":"Satoskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Flowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, November 11). 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