{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T12:04:36Z","timestamp":1772021076404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. (S. pseudocamellia) has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and contains various bioactive flavonoids and phenolic compounds. These components may contribute to neuroprotective effects relevant to depression and cognitive dysfunction. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 20% ethanolic extract from S. pseudocamellia leaves (ESP) on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction in C57BL\/6 mice. Methods: C57BL\/6 mice were divided into six groups: normal control (NC), normal sample (NS; ESP 100 mg\/kg), CUMS, L-theanine (Thea; 4 mg\/kg), ESP 50 mg\/kg, and ESP 100 mg\/kg groups. Phytochemical profiling of ESP was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS). Depressive-like behaviors and cognitive function were assessed, along with stress-related hormonal regulation and associated cellular signaling pathways. Results: Phytochemical profiling of ESP identified procyanidin B2, epicatechin, rutin, catechin gallate, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercitrin as major constituents. ESP significantly alleviated CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors and improved spatial learning and memory. These effects were associated with modulation of stress-related hormones in serum and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis\u2013related proteins in the brain. ESP also enhanced antioxidant defense by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and improving mitochondrial function. Furthermore, ESP attenuated neuroinflammation and apoptosis by regulating the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and JNK pathways, and promoted neuroplasticity by modulating cholinergic activity, with enhanced BDNF\/TrkB signaling in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that ESP exerts protective effects against CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors and cognitive deficits in a preclinical model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:59:16Z","timestamp":1772017156000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antidepressant and Cognitive-Enhancing Effects of Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. Leaves in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Mice Through HPA Axis Regulation and the BDNF\/TrkB Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yu Mi","family":"Heo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2198-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Lim","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeong Hyeon","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwa Rang","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Jin","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18344909241289222","DOI":"10.1177\/18344909241289222","article-title":"Stress and stress responses: A narrative literature review from physiological mechanisms to intervention approaches","volume":"18","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pac. Rim Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sancho-Balsells, A., Borr\u00e0s-Pernas, S., Brito, V., Alberch, J., Girault, J., and Giralt, A. (2023). Cognitive and emotional symptoms induced by chronic stress are regulated by EGR1 in a subpopulation of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043833"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Chen, B., Di, Z., Jiang, S., Xu, H., Shi, M., Hu, R., Sun, S., Song, Z., and Liu, J. (2022). Involvement of kynurenine pathway between inflammation and glutamate in the underlying etiopathology of CUMS-induced depression mouse model. BMC Neurosci., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-022-00746-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474841","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1474841","article-title":"Acupuncture alleviates CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors by restoring prefrontal cortex neuroplasticity","volume":"2023","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jazvin\u0161\u0107ak Jembrek, M., Or\u0161oli\u0107, N., Karlovi\u0107, D., and Peitl, V. (2023). Flavonols in action: Targeting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in major depressive disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086888"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestro, S., Bramanti, P., and Mazzon, E. (2021). Role of quercetin in depressive-like behaviors: Findings from animal models. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11157116"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112143","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of depression: Role of diet in prevention and therapy","volume":"115","author":"Mrozek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, I., Kim, J., Kim, M., Lim, D.W., Jung, J., Kim, M.J., Song, J., Cho, S., and Um, M.Y. (2023). Sargassum horneri extract attenuates depressive-like behaviors in mice treated with stress hormone. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101841"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.03.005","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and depressive disorder: The role of the hypothalamus","volume":"75","author":"Cernackova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Z., Zhang, C., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Wang, J., and Song, C. (2020). EPA is more effective than DHA to improve depression-like behavior, glia cell dysfunction and hippcampal apoptosis signaling in a chronic stress-induced rat model of depression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051769"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in depression","volume":"25","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olufunmilayo, E.O., Gerke-Duncan, M.B., and Holsinger, R.D. (2023). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020517"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118986","article-title":"Safflower yellow alleviates cognitive impairment in mice by modulating cholinergic system function, oxidative stress, and CREB\/BDNF\/TrkB signaling pathway","volume":"340","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.07.011","article-title":"Stress diminishes BDNF-stimulated TrkB signaling, TrkB\u2013NMDA receptor linkage and neuronal activity in the rat brain","volume":"473","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"936","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of Stewartia koreana extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"303","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from the twigs of Stewartia pseudocamellia","volume":"46","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2014.140","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from the leaves of Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. and their whitening activities","volume":"23","author":"Roh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.11002\/fsp.2025.32.2.344","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract from Stewartia pseudocamellia leaves on H2O2-induced oxidative stress","volume":"32","author":"Heo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2025.112881","article-title":"Nutritional co-therapy with vitamin D and L-theanine reduces unpredictable mild chronic stress (UCMS) in aged mice by restoring alpha-oscillations, dopamine levels and behavioral improvement","volume":"210","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afridi, R., and Suk, K. (2023). Microglial responses to stress-induced depression: Causes and consequences. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.1093.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.015","article-title":"Chronic stress followed by social isolation promotes depressive-like behaviour, alters microglial and astrocyte biology and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in male mice","volume":"91","author":"Onorato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01986-4","article-title":"Neurocognitive effects of stress: A metaparadigm perspective","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.03.014","article-title":"Astragalin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice by preserving blood\u2013brain barrier integrity and suppressing neuroinflammation","volume":"232","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250092","article-title":"Epicatechin attenuates lead (Pb)-induced cognitive impairment in mice: Regulation on Nrf2 signaling pathway, and interference on the interaction between Pb with albumin","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00371","article-title":"Quercitrin rapidly alleviated depression-like behaviors in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice: The involvement of PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB signaling suppression and CREB\/BDNF signaling restoration in the hippocampus","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.04.058","article-title":"Rutin alleviates chronic unpredictable stress-induced behavioral alterations and hippocampal damage in mice","volume":"656","author":"Parashar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctmp.2024.200148","article-title":"Adaptogenic action of diosgenin against chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced neuroimmune dysfunction of the HPA axis reverses psychiatric behavior in mice","volume":"5","author":"Chidebe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Tradit. Med. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.002","article-title":"The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evaluation and usage","volume":"6","author":"Willner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9, G.N.S., Simplice, F.H., Guillaume, C.W., Kamal, F.Z., Parfait, B., Hermann, T.D.S., Herv\u00e9, N.A.H., Eglantine, K.W., Linda, D.K.J., and Roland, R.N. (2023). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) extract: Possible effects on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis in modulating chronic stress. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111561"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118823","article-title":"Gypenosides alleviate oxidative stress in the hippocampus, promote mitophagy, and mitigate depressive-like behaviors induced by CUMS via SIRT1","volume":"337","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saggu, S., Pless, A., Dew, E., Ware, D., Jiao, K., and Wang, Q. (2025). Monoamine signaling and neuroinflammation: Mechanistic connections and implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1543730"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0167-1","article-title":"Camellia euphlebia exerts its antidepressant-like effect via modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain monoaminergic systems","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6947","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re protects against chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive deficits through regulation of NLRP3 and Nrf2 pathways in mice","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knezevic, E., Nenic, K., Milanovic, V., and Knezevic, N.N. (2023). The role of cortisol in chronic stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychological disorders. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232726"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhong, K., Qin, S., Jing, Y., Liu, S., Li, D., and Peng, C. (2023). Astragalin: A food-origin flavonoid with therapeutic effect for multiple diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1265960"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, H., Ji, M., and Lai, D. (2021). Chronic stress effects on tumor: Pathway and mechanism. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.738252"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.03.008","article-title":"Stress-induced interaction of skin immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters","volume":"42","author":"Pondeljak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"P\u0103un, D.L. (2023). Steroidogenesis of corticosteroids, genetic mutation, and endocrine disruption leading to adrenal insufficiency. Cortisol\u2014Between Physiology and Pathology, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.015","article-title":"Prefrontal cortical trkB, glucocorticoids, and their interactions in stress and developmental contexts","volume":"95","author":"Barfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113764","article-title":"Regulation of the kynurenine\/serotonin pathway by berberine and the underlying effect in the hippocampus of the chronic unpredictable mild stress mice","volume":"422","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-022-01001-3","article-title":"Effects of dopamine modulation on chronic stress-induced deficits in reward learning","volume":"22","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12512","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of human intestinal Enterococcus avium EFEL009 converting rutin to quercetin","volume":"62","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6530364","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6530364","article-title":"Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of quercitrin and evidence of the involvement of the monoaminergic system","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2024.07.010","article-title":"Rutin alleviates Pb-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death via activating the Nrf2\/ARE system in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04550-5","article-title":"Understanding the antidepressant mechanisms of acupuncture: Targeting hippocampal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuroplasticity, and apoptosis in CUMS rats","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4252","article-title":"Copper induces oxidative stress and apoptosis of hippocampal neuron via pCREB\/BDNF\/and Nrf2\/HO-1\/NQO1 pathway","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104843","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling in depression","volume":"121","author":"Paulus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.06.050","article-title":"Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction: A vicious circle in neurodegenerative disorders?","volume":"710","author":"Witte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5141","article-title":"Selective inhibition of JNK located on mitochondria protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with LPS-induced ALI\/ARDS","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14576","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14576","article-title":"Mitochondria in depression: The dysfunction of mitochondrial energy metabolism and quality control systems","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, J., and L\u00f3pez, J.M. (2020). Understanding MAPK signaling pathways in apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072346"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57192","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14530-0","article-title":"Camellia japonica diminishes acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure by attenuating oxidative stress in mice","volume":"28","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.01.031","article-title":"The enriched environment ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment by activating the SIRT1\/miR-134 signaling pathway in the hippocampus","volume":"248","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114509","article-title":"The effects of acupuncture on depression by regulating BDNF-related balance via lateral habenular nucleus BDNF\/TrkB\/CREB signaling pathway in rats","volume":"451","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2024.13.2.122","article-title":"BDNF signaling in vascular dementia and its effects on cerebrovascular dysfunction, synaptic plasticity, and cholinergic system abnormality","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lipid Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9574LSF","article-title":"Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited","volume":"22","author":"Nihal","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537923","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/537923","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenols-rich extract from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers in acute and chronic mice models","volume":"2012","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go, M.J., Kim, J.M., Lee, H.L., Kim, T.Y., Joo, S.G., Kim, J.H., Lee, H.S., Kim, D., and Heo, H.J. (2023). Anti-amnesia-like effect of Pinus densiflora extract by improving apoptosis and neuroinflammation on trimethyltin-induced ICR mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814084"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/3\/354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T11:10:07Z","timestamp":1772017807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/3\/354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19030354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19030354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}}}