{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:12:31Z","timestamp":1772183551739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Ha\u2019il, Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-23 121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-23 121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: SARS-CoV-2 poses significant global health challenges, necessitating effective antiviral strategies. Ticagrelor, an FDA-approved antiplatelet drug, has shown potential against SARS-CoV-2 but suffers from low solubility and bioavailability. This study aims to develop and characterize ticagrelor-loaded hybrid nanocarriers using polyoxyethylene 40 stearate and soya lecithin to enhance drug solubility and antiviral efficacy. Methods: Ticagrelor-loaded hybrid nanocarriers were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique with varying molar ratios of polyoxyethylene 40 stearate and soya lecithin. Characterization included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, in vitro release profiles, and cytotoxicity and antiviral assays against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells. Results: The hybrid nanocarriers exhibited particle sizes ranging from 90 nm to 2459 nm and zeta potentials between \u221236.7 mV and \u221241.7 mV. Formulation F2.12 demonstrated the highest drug release (90% dissolution in 5 h) and the lowest cytotoxicity and antiviral concentration (CC50 and IC50 values), significantly surpassing the efficacy of ticagrelor in powder form. Conclusions: The developed ticagrelor-loaded hybrid nanocarriers significantly enhance the drug\u2019s solubility and efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, providing a promising platform for improved antiviral therapies. These findings indicate potential clinical applications in addressing the limitations of conventional formulations in treating COVID-19 and similar viral infections. Further studies are warranted to explore their therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:31:19Z","timestamp":1772181079000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ticagrelor-Loaded Phospholipid\u2013Polyoxyethylene Hybrid Nanocarriers: Enhanced Solubility and Efficacy Against SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Katamesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6108-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ossama M.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University\u2013Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Almansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shimaa M.","family":"Hassoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehad Mohammed","family":"Subaiea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira A.","family":"Boseila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University, Gesr El Suez St., Cairo 11786, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 12654, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus infections\u2014More than just the common cold","volume":"323","author":"Paules","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e7276","article-title":"Coronavirus disease: A review of a new threat to public health","volume":"12","author":"Ramphul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftaa006","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa006","article-title":"Coronaviruses: A paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases","volume":"77","author":"Salata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. 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