{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T11:59:06Z","timestamp":1792324746981,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":372,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Riboflavin (RF; vitamin B2) is an essential micronutrient with broad applications in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries and is increasingly relevant in bioelectrochemical systems and environmental biotechnology. Microbial fermentation has replaced chemical synthesis as the dominant industrial production route due to its superior sustainability and scalability. However, despite substantial progress, RF biosynthesis remains constrained by imbalances in precursor supply, complex redox regulation, and regulatory feedback mechanisms that limit metabolic flux toward guanosine triphosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate. This review provides an updated, integrative analysis of RF biotechnology, encompassing biosynthetic pathways, transcriptional and redox-regulation, strain improvement strategies, and fermentation process optimization. Representative industrial producers\u2014including Bacillus subtilis, Ashbya gossypii, and Candida famata\u2014are critically evaluated for productivity, yield, and metabolic robustness, with reported titers reaching up to 29 g L\u22121 in engineered systems. Emerging microbial platforms, including lactic acid bacteria, thermotolerant and methylotrophic microorganisms, and electroactive bacteria, are discussed in the context of niche applications such as food biofortification and microbial fuel cells. Special emphasis is placed on oxidative stress as a regulatory signal influencing RF overproduction, metabolic rewiring strategies to alleviate precursor bottlenecks, and the biosynthesis of RF derivatives (FMN, FAD, roseoflavin, and 8-aminoriboflavin). In addition, biosafety, regulatory constraints, concerns about genome stability, and antibiotic-free engineering approaches are examined as critical determinants of future industrial competitiveness. By integrating molecular regulation, metabolic engineering, fermentation design, emerging applications, and regulatory perspectives within a unified framework, this review outlines current bottlenecks and future directions for developing safer, more robust, and economically competitive RF-producing microbial platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:06:59Z","timestamp":1772467619000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Biotechnological Production Strategies of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Its Derivatives: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0364-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raziel Arturo","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Nava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Colonia Santo Tom\u00e1s, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griselda Ma.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Camarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Colonia Santo Tom\u00e1s, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseo","family":"Cristiani-Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Avenida Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball, G.F.M. 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