{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T23:36:56Z","timestamp":1779925016293,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) caused by biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis represent a major public health challenge due to their high resistance and involvement in skin, wound, and soft-tissue infections. In this context, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated into Gluconacetobacter sp. bacterial cellulose hydrogel emerge as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy. Methods: AgNPs and hydrogels were synthesized and characterized using physicochemical and morphological analyses. Antibacterial activity was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) following CLSI guidelines, as well as by time\u2013kill curve assays. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated through the determination of minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) using crystal violet staining, complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Congo red agar method. Results: The hydrogel exhibited a three-dimensional microfibrillar structure characteristic of bacterial cellulose, while AgNPs showed rod-shaped, oval, and triangular morphologies, with particle sizes of 35 and 59 nm and positive zeta potentials. MIC and MBC values ranged from 6.25 to 50 \u00b5g\/mL across all tested formulations and strains. Time\u2013kill assays demonstrated significant bacterial population reductions after 6 to 9 h of exposure. MBIC values ranged from 0.78 to 50 \u00b5g\/mL, whereas MBEC values ranged from 1.56 to &gt;100 \u00b5g\/mL. SEM analyses confirmed biofilm disruption, cell eradication, and a reduction in extracellular polysaccharides, particularly for AgNPs incorporated into the hydrogel. Conclusions: Overall, the results highlight the strong antibacterial and enhanced antibiofilm potential of AgNP-loaded bacterial cellulose hydrogel against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, supporting its potential application in infection treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:06:59Z","timestamp":1772467619000},"page":"409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel Incorporating Silver Nanoparticles: A Nanobiotechnological Approach for Skin Infections Caused by MRSA and MRSE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"David N.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5269-8857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara L.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9595-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne L. R. Q.","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolice P. M.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Jorn. An\u00edbal Fernandes, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50740-560, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Northeast Center for Strategic Technologies (CETENE), Recife 50740-545, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6361-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Galembeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Jorn. An\u00edbal Fernandes, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50740-560, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4242-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo E.","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Pernambuco (Fiocruz\/PE), Recife 50740-465, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L. A.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9849-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A. A.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory for Teaching, Research and Extension in Microbiology and Parasitology (LEPEMP), Ouricuri Campus, University of Pernambuco, Ouricuri 56200-000, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella M. F.","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keizo Asami Institute (iLIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Academic Center of Vit\u00f3ria (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Vit\u00f3ria de Santo Ant\u00e3o 55608-680, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radaelli, D., Di Maria, S., Jakovski, Z., Alempijevic, D., Al-Habash, I., Concato, M., Bolcato, M., and D\u2019errico, S. (2024). Advancing Patient Safety: The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Mitigating Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12191996"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrebish, S.A., Yusufoglu, H.S., Alotibi, R.F., Abdulkhalik, N.S., Ahmed, N.J., and Khan, A.H. (2023). 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