{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:56:55Z","timestamp":1772647015517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Jouf University","award":["DGSSR-2023-02-02475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGSSR-2023-02-02475"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cancer remains one of the most significant challenges in modern medicine, requiring the continuous development of novel molecular scaffolds with anticancer potential that act through multiple pathways. Heterocyclic compounds incorporating indole, triazole, oxadiazole, and thiadiazine motifs have attracted considerable attention due to their diverse pharmacological activities. This study aimed to design, synthesize, and evaluate new hybrid heterocyclic systems, including 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, and thiadiazine motifs, targeting liver and breast cancer. Methods: A series of indolyl-based heterocyclic compounds was synthesized using efficient and environmentally friendly protocols. Indolyl-triazol-thiadiazin-6-ol 5 was prepared via solvent-free fusion of esters 2 and 3 or the corresponding acid 4. Oxadiazole derivatives were produced by reacting hydrazide intermediates with carbon disulfide. Triazole derivatives were synthesized via cylization of thiosemicarbazide 9 in aqueous KOH (4.0 N). Structural characterization was performed using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and electron impact mass spectrometry (EIMS). Cytotoxic activity was evaluated against liver and breast cancer cell lines, and VEGFR-2 kinase inhibition was assessed for selected derivatives. Results: The synthesized compounds demonstrated notable cytotoxicity activity, with compounds 4, 5, and 9 exhibiting IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Enzymatic assays revealed that compounds 4 and 9 showed strong VEGFR-2 inhibition (97.9% and 96.4%, respectively), indicating apoptosis-inducing effects. Conclusions: The synthesized indolyl-based hybrid heterocycles represent a promising chemotype with in vitro cytotoxic activity and VEGFR-2 inhibitory effects, supporting further investigation, optimization, and mechanistic studies to evaluate their potential lead for anticancer drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1772636467000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploration of Novel Indole Compounds with Potential Activity Against Breast Cancer: Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Cancer Activity Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eid E.","family":"Salama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0568-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashtar A.","family":"Alrayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2384-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Alrashdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed T. A.","family":"Boraei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagwa I.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez University, Suez 43511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salah","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karam S.","family":"El-Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham","family":"Kalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A. M.","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Al-Arish 45511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.10.116","article-title":"Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel coumarin\u2013chalcone hybrids as potential anticancer agents","volume":"20","author":"Sashidhara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11136","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NJ00710F","article-title":"1,2,4-Triazolo [4,3-c] quinazolines: A bioisosterism-guided approach towards the development of novel PCAF inhibitors with potential anticancer activity","volume":"45","author":"Ghiaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"New J. 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