{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:40:38Z","timestamp":1791247238695,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/W524335\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W524335\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious diseases continue to represent one of the most persistent challenges in human health and agricultural productivity. These diseases are caused by a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Antimicrobial resistance, or AMR, is the gradual evolution of pathogenic microbes to evade the action of commonly used antimicrobial agents (antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antiparasitics) and is a problem that continues to be exacerbated by the inappropriate use of antimicrobials across multiple global industries. AMR poses a major threat to our society, and without mitigation, will lead to devastating consequences with broad implications beyond human health. The search for alternative or complementary therapies to conventional antimicrobials is, therefore, of the utmost priority. In this review, we first outline the prevalence of AMR and the circumstances driving the proliferation of AMR, which is widely recognised as a One Health issue\u2014through interconnected factors within human and veterinary medicine, agricultural practice, and the environment. We next summarise the various classes of pathogens, common antimicrobial agents, and the mechanisms which pathogens have evolved to evade antimicrobial action. Within this context, we discuss the therapeutic potential of bacteriophages, virophages, and mycoviruses against antimicrobial-resistant infections, and consider the future perspectives of virus-based formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:13:14Z","timestamp":1773659594000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Expanding the Antimicrobial Toolbox with Therapeutic Viruses: Mechanisms, Pharmaceutical Formulation, and Translational Outlook"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Margarita","family":"Strimaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK"},{"name":"UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly A.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harper and Keele Veterinary School, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diba","family":"Keyhanfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxy","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 310, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3066-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GOV.UK (2026, February 16). 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