{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:03:38Z","timestamp":1773817418402,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L232071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L232071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFC2309204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2309204"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2025YFC2311801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFC2311801"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Hospitals Authority\u2019s Ascent Plan","award":["DFL20241301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFL20241301"]}]},{"name":"Beijing High-Level Public Health Technical Talent Project"},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Public Welfare Development and Reform Pilot Project for Medical Research Institutes","award":["JYY2023-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYY2023-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to clarify the antimicrobial susceptibility and distribution characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae, MP) collected from children in Beijing, China, from 2017 to 2025. Methods: A total of 197 MP isolates were analyzed. Mutations in macrolide-resistant loci of MP strains were detected via real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reactions. We used the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin against these isolates. The distribution characteristics of MIC values were further analyzed according to the isolates\u2019 collection year, epidemic phase (low epidemic phase, epidemic initiation phase, ultra-low epidemic phase, outbreak phase, and epidemic recovery phase), and the corresponding patient age group (&lt;3 years, 3\u20136 years, and \u22656 years). Results: All 197 isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin and azithromycin, with a resistance rate of 100%. In contrast, the strains remained susceptible to tetracycline, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. The highest resistance rate was 100% for macrolides. The MIC90 values were 1024 \u03bcg\/mL for erythromycin, 256 \u03bcg\/mL for azithromycin, 0.5 \u03bcg\/mL for tetracycline, 1 \u03bcg\/mL for levofloxacin, and 0.125 \u03bcg\/mL for moxifloxacin, respectively. Distinct differences in MIC distributions of erythromycin and azithromycin were observed across collection years, epidemic phases, and age groups. Conclusions: The resistance of MP to macrolides in children is closely associated with the epidemic intensity and age of the patient. Erythromycin is no longer suitable as an empirical therapy for MP infections during epidemic periods, whereas azithromycin can be cautiously administered in young children according to age stratification and MIC detection results. Meanwhile, it is imperative to strengthen the prevention and control of cluster MP infections during epidemic phases to reduce the transmission of drug-resistant MP strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19030488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:32:07Z","timestamp":1773667927000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Distribution Characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Isolates in Beijing, China, from 2017 to 2025"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"},{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuanfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"},{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"},{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China"},{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100020, China"},{"name":"Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00114-16","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the Respiratory Tract and Beyond","volume":"30","author":"Waites","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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