{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:54:28Z","timestamp":1791122068238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University,","award":["KFU261595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU261595"]}]},{"award":["KFU261595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU261595"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dn43547","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Viral infections represent a major challenge in modern medicine, including diseases caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and rotavirus, which are among the most prevalent viral pathogens. The rapid transmission and high mutation rates of these viruses contribute to substantial health burdens and socio economic consequences. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are effective antiviral agents. The major objective of this investigation was to measure the antiviral activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) and green-produced silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) against rotavirus, HPV, and CMV. Methods: UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity were evaluated using a crystal violet assay in infected cell cultures. Results: The main findings indicate that both Ag NPs and TiO2-NPs exhibited pronounced antiviral activity against HPV, CMV, and rotavirus. Ag NPs exhibited strong antiviral activity, with lower IC50 values against HPV and CMV; however, this effect was associated with lower cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and selectivity index (SI) values, indicating higher cytotoxicity. In contrast, TiO2-NPs demonstrated a favorable safety profile, as indicated by higher CC50 value particularly against CMV (863.90 \u00b5g\/mL) and rotavirus (386.84 \u00b5g\/mL)\u2014and low cytotoxicity toward host cells\u2014highlighting their strong antiviral selectivity and therapeutic potential. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that, while Ag-NPs possess strong antiviral efficacy, TiO2 NPs offer a more balanced combination of antiviral effectiveness and biosafety and may therefore be more promising candidates for antiviral applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:26:12Z","timestamp":1775121972000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antiviral Potential Efficacy of Green-Synthesized Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Against Rotavirus, Cytomegalovirus, and Human Papillomavirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Z.","family":"Sayed-Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-5719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soheir A. A.","family":"Hagras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Alnahda College, Al Munsiyah, Riyadh 13255, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7207-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moaddey","family":"Alfarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayed A.","family":"Alshamrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Albariqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Al-Leith University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Abdel-Maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research of Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahidah H.","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11352, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra Hafeez","family":"Kiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Mexico Environmental Department, Air Quality Bureau, 525 Camino de Los Marquez, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4915-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atef S.","family":"Elgebaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad 10021, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omatola, C.A., and Olaniran, A.O. 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