{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1786437115986,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To evaluate the long-term effects on retinal structure and visual function of oral bromelain and curcumin supplementation in patients with inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) complicated by persistent cystoid macular oedema (CMO). Methods: We retrospectively studied 20 eyes with genetically confirmed IRD complicated by CMO, with refractory to systemic or local treatments performed for 6 months. We collected baseline (V1) and follow-up (V2) data from these IRD-CMO patients, who were continuously supplemented with oral bromelain and curcumin for 12 months. Outcome measures were the Snellen best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) values, collected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Based on OCT scans, we classified IRD-CMO as microcystic or macrocystic, performing this sub-grouping in two eye cohorts (n = 10). Baseline median BCVA and CMT differences in both groups were verified (Mann\u2013Whitney test). For both CMO groups, changes from V1 to V2 in median BCVA and CMT values were evaluated (Friedman test). Results: At baseline, both the median BCVA and CMT values were significantly different in both groups (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.001). Between V1 and V2, in the microcystic CMO group, a slightly improved median BCVA was found, whereas the median CMT was reduced; however, this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.6 and p = 0.2, respectively). In the macrocystic CMO group, a significant stable median BCVA was found from V1 to V2, with concomitant significant reduction in median CMT (p &lt; 0.05 for both comparisons). Conclusions: Retinal structural improvement and visual function preservation were observed after oral bromelain and curcumin supplementation in macrocystic IRD-CMO. It is likely that the vasogenic component in macrocystic CMO is more responsive to nutraceutical molecules than the degenerative microcystic component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:48:07Z","timestamp":1775720887000},"page":"602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bromelain and Curcumin Oral Supplementation for Refractory Inherited Retinal Dystrophy-Related Macular Oedema: Changes in Macular Thickness and Visual Acuity over 12 Months"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9074-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"D\u2019Andrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Dell\u2019Aquila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucilla","family":"Barbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciana","family":"Menna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, U.O.C. Ophthalmology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Firenze 1, 04019 Terracina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Renzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaspare","family":"Colacino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Oftalmologia-San Giovanni Evangelista Hospital Tivoli, Via Antonio Parrozzani 3, 00019 Tivoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6978-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Marenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Dell\u2019Omo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Ziccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziccardi, L., Cordeddu, V., Gaddini, L., Matteucci, A., Parravano, M., Malchiodi-Albedi, F., and Varano, M. (2019). Gene Therapy in Retinal Dystrophies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225722"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-1-40","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"1","author":"Hamel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211795860107","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa: Genes and disease mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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