{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:01:14Z","timestamp":1785416474080,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7252090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7252090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82305003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82305003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82305003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82305003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of the Beijing High Innovation Plan","award":["20250772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic disorder for which there are limited pharmacotherapies. Sodium rutin (NaR), a soluble flavonoid derivative, has shown beneficial metabolic effects, but its role in NAFLD remains unclear. This study investigates whether NaR ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD and insulin resistance through promoting hepatic lipophagy. Methods: Male mice aged 8 weeks old were fed a HFD for 12 weeks with\/without NaR supplementation. Body weight was measured every week. After 12 weeks of treatment, GTT and ITT were performed to assess insulin resistance. Then, the tissues were collected and hepatic histology, serum biochemistry, and markers of autophagy and senescence were assessed. Results: NaR treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, reduced visceral fat and liver weights, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and vacuolization. NaR improved serum lipid profiles; lowered alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels; and reduced hepatic cellular senescence. NaR enhanced hepatic autophagy, evidenced by decreased p62 levels, increased LC3-II\/LC3-I ratio, and enhanced colocalization of lipid droplets with LC3 and LAMP1 in vivo and in vitro. These changes were accompanied by improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: NaR effectively alleviates HFD-induced NAFLD and insulin resistance by activating hepatic lipophagy. These findings support NaR as a promising multi-targeted therapeutic candidate for NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1775740171000},"page":"604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sodium Rutin Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alleviates Insulin Resistance by Promoting Lipophagy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuoshuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4521-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengqiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613827","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6613827","article-title":"NAFLD, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2","volume":"2021","author":"Knobloch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. 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