{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:06:12Z","timestamp":1785420372281,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82174108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174108"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Aralia echinocaulis has therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with total polysaccharide and glycoside (TPGs) as main active components. RA pathogenesis involves gut microbiota dysbiosis and immune\u2013metabolic crosstalk, but the role of microbiota-derived succinate in RA remains unclear. Objective: This study explored the role of succinate-GPR91 signaling in intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) in the context of RA and the therapeutic mechanism of A. echinocaulis TPGs. Methods: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were treated with TPGs or exogenous succinate. Paw edema, inflammation, gut succinate levels, the Th17\/regulatory T (Treg) balance, and DC activation via succinate-GPR91 were detected, and GPR91-targeting siRNA and CD4+ T-cell coculture assays for verification. Results: TPGs alleviated symptoms in CIA mice and restored the Th17\/Treg balance by reducing intestinal succinate levels. Succinate activated DCs via GPR91 to promote Th17 differentiation, while TPGs suppressed DC maturation and Th17-driven inflammation, supporting the involvement of a gut-centric immunometabolic axis in RA. Conclusions: TPGs ameliorate RA by targeting the succinate-GPR91-Th17 pathway, identifying succinate as a novel RA target and TPGs as a potential microbiota-modulating agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1775812092000},"page":"606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polysaccharides and Glycosides from Aralia echinocaulis Modulate Succinate Levels in the Gut to Target Intestinal Dendritic Cells via the Receptor GPR91 in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mengqiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9772-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0168-y","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis Primer\u2014Behind the scenes","volume":"6","author":"Smolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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