{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:07:56Z","timestamp":1780726076337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sanjiang Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province","award":["SJ2025013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJ2025013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease marked by a disrupted intestinal barrier and consequent aberrant immune responses. Pseudoginsenoside RT2, an ocotillol-type ginsenoside abundant in Panax herbs, represents a potential therapeutic candidate, yet its anti-ulcerative colitis efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate RT2\u2019s therapeutic potential for ulcerative colitis through a parallel evaluation of pharmacodynamic efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties. Methods: The anti-ulcerative colitis efficacy and in vivo disposition of RT2 were investigated in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced rat colitis model. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method was employed to delineate its pharmacokinetic characteristics and quantify its distribution in various tissues following oral administration. Results: Pharmacodynamically, RT2 demonstrated significant efficacy in the UC rat model by repairing the intestinal barrier (by promoting goblet cell regeneration and upregulating tight junction proteins and mucin) and restoring immune homeostasis (by correcting T-helper 17\/regulatory T-cell imbalance and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines while elevating anti-inflammatory cytokines). Pharmacokinetically, RT2 exhibited rapid absorption, slow elimination, and high colonic accumulation, with concentrations in the inflamed colon being significantly higher than those in healthy rats. Furthermore, the biphasic concentration\u2013time profile may account for its prolonged systemic residence time and enhanced local exposure. In summary, through parallel efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies, this work systematically reveals its characteristics as a therapeutic agent that exhibits high colonic accumulation and acts via barrier repair and immunomodulation. Conclusions: These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the development of RT2 as a novel gut-selective drug candidate for UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1776249023000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of Pseudoginsenoside RT2 as a Novel Gut-Selective Agent: Integrated Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an Ocotillol Ginsenoside for Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhuoqiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzhe","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medicine, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4020-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab178","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Medical Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Raine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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