{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:48:35Z","timestamp":1777052915219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is driven by insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction. While Ras GTPases are known for oncogenic signaling, emerging evidence implicates the Ras\u2013Ral axis as a critical regulator of glucose homeostasis. This review synthesizes the distinct roles of Ras and Ral in metabolism. Ras hyperactivation promotes insulin resistance and inflammation via MAPK\/PI3K pathways, whereas RalA supports GLUT4 translocation and insulin granule exocytosis. We propose a dual-pathway hypothesis: T2DM pathophysiology involves an imbalance characterized by excessive Ras signaling and insufficient Ral-mediated metabolic actions. Consequently, we explore the therapeutic potential of rebalancing this axis through combinatorial strategies, that selectively inhibit pathogenic Ras while enhancing protective Ral activity. We critically evaluate current Ras-targeted agents (e.g., farnesyltransferase inhibitors, allele-specific inhibitors) and discuss the emerging frontier of Ral-specific enhancers. Finally, we outline key translational challenges and future directions for validating this axis as a target for precision medicine in T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19040648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:38:14Z","timestamp":1776854294000},"page":"648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting the Ras\u2013Ral Signaling Axis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dual-Modulation Approach to Correcting Insulin Resistance and \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2303-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narayanan","family":"Thulasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Harithpriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3198-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumar","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5450-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunka Mohanram","family":"Ramkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527791","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2527791","article-title":"Self-Reported Diabetes in Older Adults: A Comparison of Prevalence and Related Factors in the Mexican Health and Aging Study (2015, 2018, and 2021)","volume":"2024","author":"Seixas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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