{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:14:30Z","timestamp":1790036070274,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are a serious problem for modern society, and their treatment remains an important issue discussed by the scientific community. One of the promising potential directions for modulating neurodegenerative processes is the use of acylhydrazones, a class of compounds that combine different bioactive fragments linked by an acylhydrazone moiety. So far, the biological properties of these compounds have been proven. They show antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Many research papers focus on designing acylhydrazones that will find use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), \u03b2-secretase 1 (BACE1) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), as well as inhibiting \u03b2-amyloid aggregation, exhibiting metal chelation and antioxidant properties. Recent studies have described the acylhydrazone-based dual (multi-target) inhibitors, which have demonstrated encouraging outcomes during in vitro evaluations. This review covers recent articles published in the years 2020\u20132025 and offers a comprehensive overview of the biological properties of the acylhydrazones and their multifunctional derivatives on neurodegenerative processes and\/or neuroprotection, while emphasizing their universal nature, structural versatility and role as leading structures in the search for new drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19050679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Acylhydrazones\u2019 Properties Against Neurodegenerative Diseases and Other Clinical Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Skroban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Association at Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Kruk-S\u0142omka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Pharmacology with Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Popio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-025-01576-w","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases-an update","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altahrawi, A.Y., James, A.W., and Shah, Z.A. (2025). The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Vascular Dementia. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14080609"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105028","article-title":"Microglia and astrocyte dysfunction in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Kam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, T., and Muguruma, K. (2026). Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Emerging Therapeutic Targets. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062357"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzari, F.H., and Bazzari, A.H. (2022). BACE1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Past, Present and Any Future?. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248823"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795735211029113","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735211029113","article-title":"The State of The Art on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Vecchio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05672-9","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other synucleinopathies: From overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Calabresi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01043-w","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"477","article-title":"Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socea, L.-I., Barbuceanu, S.-F., Pahontu, E.M., Dumitru, A.-C., Nitulescu, G.M., Sfetea, R.C., and Apostol, T.-V. (2022). Acylhydrazones and Their Biological Activity: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248719"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"100317","article-title":"N-Acylhydrazones: Applications and advances in drug discovery","volume":"16","author":"Antoniolli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2013.06.105","article-title":"Structural and vibrational study of 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazine\u2014A potential metal-protein attenuating compound (MPAC) for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Ellena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.011","article-title":"8-Hydroxyquinoline Schiff-base compounds as antioxidants and modulators of copper-mediated A\u03b2 peptide aggregation","volume":"139","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.127514","article-title":"Structural hybridization as a facile approach to new drug candidates","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1185\/0300799019117018","article-title":"Parenteral Troxerutin and Carbazochrome Combination in the Treatment of Post-hemorrhoidectomy Status: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase IV Study","volume":"17","author":"Basile","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706775197881","article-title":"Medicinal chemistry of N-acylhydrazones: New lead-compounds of analgesic, antiinflammatory and antithrombotic drugs","volume":"13","author":"Fraga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.3390\/12081910","article-title":"Biological activities of hydrazone derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Rollas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2018.07.015","article-title":"N-Acylhydrazones as drugs","volume":"28","author":"Thota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-02089-7","article-title":"Phase I study of procaspase-activating compound-1 (PAC-1) in the treatment of advanced malignancies","volume":"128","author":"Danciu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.157","article-title":"LASSBio-294, A compound with inotropic and lusitropic activity, decreases cardiac remodeling and improves Ca2+ influx into sarcoplasmic reticulum after myocardial infarction","volume":"23","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200500691","article-title":"N-acylhydrazones as versatile electrophiles for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds","volume":"44","author":"Sugiura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.02.118","article-title":"Novel colorimetric sensors for cyanide based on azo-hydrazone tautomeric skeletons","volume":"128","author":"Adegoke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2019.114111","article-title":"Review: Voltammetric properties and applications of hydrazones and azo moieties","volume":"173","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11683","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181011683","article-title":"Characterization of Amide Bond Conformers for a Novel Heterocyclic Template of N-acylhydrazone Derivatives","volume":"18","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.02.079","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and third-order nonlinear optical properties of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N\u2019-[(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethylidene]acetohydrazide","volume":"1185","author":"Purandara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.03.125","article-title":"Spatial structure, thermodynamics and kinetics of formation of hydrazones derived from pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate and 2-furoic, thiophene-2-carboxylic hydrazides in solution","volume":"283","author":"Gamov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2018.43","article-title":"Revisiting the Cholinergic Hypothesis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Emerging Evidence from Translational and Clinical Research","volume":"6","author":"Hampel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03148-2","article-title":"Cinnamoyl-N-Acylhydrazone-Donepezil Hybrids: Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Multifunctional Ligands Against Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"45","author":"Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115991","article-title":"Novel arylcarbamate-N-acylhydrazones derivatives as promising BuChE inhibitors: Design, synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115470","article-title":"Acylhydrazones as isoniazid derivatives with multi-target profiles for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Radical scavenging, myeloperoxidase\/acetylcholinesterase inhibition and biometal chelation","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avram, S., Udrea, A.M., Nuta, D.C., Limban, C., Balea, A.C., Caproiu, M.T., Dumitrascu, F., Buiu, C., and Bordei, A.T. (2021). Synthesis and bioinformatic characterization of new schiff bases with possible applicability in brain disorders. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144160"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10278","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1942212","article-title":"Carbazole-based semicarbazones and hydrazones as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents","volume":"40","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2023.106432","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of hydrazones as dual inhibitors of ryanodine receptors and acetylcholinesterases for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25379","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA03908K","article-title":"New supramolecules of bis(acylhydrazones)-linked bisphenol sulfide for Alzheimer\u2019s: Targeting cholinesterases by in vitro and in silico approaches","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107144","article-title":"Synthesis, biochemical and computational evaluations of novel bis-acylhydrazones of 2,2\u2032-(1,1\u2032-biphenyl)-4,4\u2032-diylbis(oxy))di(acetohydrazide) as dual cholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"144","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202401348","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202401348","article-title":"Organo Mediated Sustainable Synthesis and In-Silico Studies of Novel Benzisoxazole-Chromene Acyl Hydrazones as AChE Inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Govada","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayoup, M.S., Ghanem, M., Abdel-Hamid, H., Abu-Serie, M.M., Masoud, A., Ghareeb, D.A., Hawsawi, M.B., Sonousi, A., and Kassab, A.E. (2024). New 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. BMC Chem., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-024-01235-x"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431832","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2024.2431832","article-title":"Evaluation of hydrazone and N-acylhydrazone derivatives of vitamin B6 and pyridine-4-carbaldehyde as potential drugs against Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Roca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202401849","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202401849","article-title":"New Sulfonate Ester-Linked Fluorinated Hydrazone Derivatives as Multitarget Carbonic Anhydrase and Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, Molecular Docking and ADME Analysis","volume":"21","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.138631","article-title":"Acylhydrazones derived from isonicotinic acid: Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation against Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers","volume":"1313","author":"Frias","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.141796","article-title":"Synthesis, in-vitro evaluation and in-silico analysis of new anticholinesterase inhibitors based on sulfinylbis(acylhydrazones) scaffolds","volume":"1334","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2025.118296","article-title":"Design, synthesis and evaluation of vanillin derivatives as dual-target inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47606","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05719","article-title":"Development of a New Class of Monoamine Oxidase-B Inhibitors by Fine-Tuning the Halogens on the Acylhydrazones","volume":"8","author":"Jayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastassova, N., Stefanova, D., Hristova-Avakumova, N., Georgieva, I., Kondeva-Burdina, M., Rangelov, M., Todorova, N., Tzoneva, R., and Yancheva, D. (2023). New Indole-3-Propionic Acid and 5-Methoxy-Indole Carboxylic Acid Derived Hydrazone Hybrids as Multifunctional Neuroprotectors. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040977"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51728-x","article-title":"Isatin-tethered halogen-containing acylhydrazone derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitor with neuroprotective effect","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.139228","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and MAO inhibitory activities of three new drug-like N-acylhydrazone derivatives","volume":"1318","author":"Kaynak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Indole-based hydrazide-hydrazone and sulfonylhydrazone derivatives as MAO-B inhibitors with multitarget potential for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"72","author":"Krastev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109739","article-title":"New 2-amino-pyridinyl-N-acylhydrazones: Synthesis and identification of their mechanism of anti-inflammatory action","volume":"123","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18927","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA02880K","article-title":"Synthesis of some new acylhydrazone compounds containing the 1,2,4-triazole structure and their neuritogenic activities in Neuro-2a cells","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.105716","article-title":"Discovery of new ERR\u03b3 agonists regulating dopaminergic neuronal phenotype in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.121180","article-title":"Albumin-binding properties of an aromatic N-acylhydrazone","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2023.117374","article-title":"Recent research advances in ATX inhibitors: An overview of primary literature","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"111","article-title":"Design and synthesis of some arylhydrazone derivatives as potential FAAH inhibitors","volume":"47","author":"Turanli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fac. Pharm. Ank. Univ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzankova, D., Kuteva, H., Mateev, E., Stefanova, D., Dzhemadan, A., Yordanov, Y., Mateeva, A., Tzankova, V., Kondeva-Burdina, M., and Zlatkov, A. (2023). Synthesis, DFT Study, and In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties and Cytotoxic and Cytoprotective Effects of New Hydrazones on SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091198"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2023.107075","article-title":"The progress of small molecules against cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R)","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, X., Jiang, X., Lin, H., Yu, M., Wu, L., and Zhou, R. (2024). Acylhydrazone Derivative A5 Promotes Neurogenesis by Up-Regulating Neurogenesis-Related Genes and Inhibiting Cell-Cycle Progression in Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cells. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202404.1604.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133489","article-title":"Comprehending the inhibition mechanism of indole-based bis-acylhydrazone compounds on \u03b1-glucosidase: Spectral and theoretical approaches","volume":"276","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116138","article-title":"Chromone-based small molecules for multistep shutdown of arachidonate pathway: Simultaneous inhibition of COX-2, 15-LOX and mPGES-1 enzymes","volume":"266","author":"Elzahhar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA00450G","article-title":"Stereochemical insights into \u03b2-amino-N-acylhydrazones and their impact on DPP-4 inhibition","volume":"14","author":"Reina","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, M.L., de Paiva, J.P.B., Franco, G.D.R.R., Gontijo, V.S., Alves, M.A., de Souza, H.M.R., Lontra, A.C.P., de Oliveira, E.A., Giorno, T.B.S., and Guedes, I.A. (2025). Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Antinociceptive Properties of Novel CBD-Based Terpene-Cinnamoyl-Acyl-Hydrazone Analogues. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202504.2053.v1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12439\u221212458","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01242","article-title":"Development of Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives with High Antiobesity Activity and Improved Safety by Exploring the Pharmaceutical Properties of Aldehyde Group","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.104300","article-title":"Identification of novel diclofenac acid and naproxen bearing hydrazones as 15-LOX inhibitors: Design, synthesis, in vitro evaluation, cytotoxicity, and in silico studies","volume":"15","author":"Sardar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo, S., Zhang, D., Ma, M., Mo, X., Stabinska, J., McMahon, M.T., Shi, C., and Luo, L. (2023). Acyl Hydrazides and Acyl Hydrazones as High-Performance Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI Contrast Agents. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050639"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211853","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211853","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of phenolic N-acylhydrazones: Structure\u2013activity relationship","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10526-1","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel acyl hydrazones derived from vanillin as potential aldose reductase inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Demir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3906\/kim-1509-21","article-title":"Synthesis, and prediction of molecular properties and antimicrobial activity of some acylhydrazones derived from $N$-(arylsulfonyl)methionine","volume":"40","author":"Tatar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"57","article-title":"Novel Hydrazones Bearing Thiazole Scaffold: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activities and ADME Profile Investigation","volume":"206","author":"Vaja","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Sci. News"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/5\/679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1778904627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/19\/5\/679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ph19050679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph19050679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}