{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:41:24Z","timestamp":1785436884491,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Vigo\/CISUG\u2019s Research Talent Retention Program 2024","award":["P.P.0000 421S 14009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.P.0000 421S 14009"]}]},{"award":["P.P.0000 421S 14009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P.P.0000 421S 14009"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rdf8595","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regional Center of Agricultural Research (CRRA) Sidi Bouzid"},{"name":"Laboratory of Valorization of Unconventional Waters","award":["LR16INRGREF02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR16INRGREF02"]}]},{"name":"INRGREF, University of Carthage"},{"name":"Laboratory of Plant\u2013Soil\u2013Environment Interactions (LR21ES01), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis EL Manar"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study investigated the effects of increasing levels of salinity on leaf phytochemical composition and the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity activities. Method: Three quinoa accessions grown under escalating NaCl treatments had their leaves exposed to various chemical analyses. Polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids were among the phenolic substances whose concentrations were measured. The phenolic chemicals in the water extract were identified using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS\/MS. In vitro and in silico methods were used to measure anti-radical (DPPH), anti-alpha glucosidase, anti-alpha-amylase, and anti-lipase activities. Results: The results showed that water and ethanol, due to their polarity, were the most effective solvents for extracting phenolic compounds. Additionally, salt application led to a dose-dependent increase in total phenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and tannins (CT) across all accessions. The accession DE-1 exhibited the highest contents with average values of 1453.03\u20134398.36 mg EGA\/100 g DW, 322.7\u20131090.7 mg CAE\/100 g DW, and 77.9\u2013335.96 mg CAE\/100 g DW of TPC, TFC, and Tannins, respectively. HPLC-ESI-DAD-MS\/MS profiling of phenolic compounds led to identifying 18 constituents, including five major compounds (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaroyl hexose, and HHDP-galloyl glucose). Except for p-coumaroyl hexose and HHDP-galloyl glucose, which were extensively biosynthesized\/accumulated in the salt-tolerant accession DE-1, the remaining phenolic compounds showed irregular evolution depending on accession and salt concentration. Moreover, ethanol and water extracts were evaluated for their anti-radical and enzyme-inhibitory activities. Conclusion: Salt-stressed DE-1 water extract showed strong antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities, indicating potential antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. These activities were confirmed by in silico analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19050684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Salt Stress on Phytochemical Changes and Biological Activities of Quinoa Leaf Extracts In Vitro and In Silico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Soumaya","family":"Arraouadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center of Agricultural Research (CRRA) Sidi Bouzid, Gafsa Road Km 5, P.O. Box 357, Sidi Bouzid 9100, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Valorization of Unconventional Waters, INRGREF, University of Carthage, Road Hedi El Karray, El Menzah IV, PB 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1909-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narmine","family":"Slimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems (LBBEEO), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Zarroug, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5647-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafedh","family":"Hajlaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of Sidi Bouzid, University of Kairouan, Campus University Agricultural City, Sidi Bouzid 9100, Tunisia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Plant-Soil-Environment Interactions, LR21ES01, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis EL Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabrouk","family":"Horchani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11Es39), Chemistry Department, Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0978-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Hosni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Substances, National Institute for Research and Physico-Chemical Analysis, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cid Samamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica F\u00edsica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de As Lagoas s\/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ali","family":"Borgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems (LBBEEO), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Zarroug, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mejdi","family":"Snoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Hail University, P.O. Box 2440, Ha\u2019il 2440, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laftouhi, A., Eloutassi, N., Ech-Chihbi, E., Rais, Z., Abdellaoui, A., Taleb, A., Beniken, M., Nafidi, H.-A., Salamatullah, A.M., and Bourhia, M. (2023). The impact of environmental stress on the secondary metabolites and the chemical compositions of the essential oils from some medicinal plants used as food supplements. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15107842"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., Jorge, T., Osorio, S., Pott, D.M., Lidon, F.C., DaMatta, F.M., Marques, I., Ribeiro-Barros, A.I., Ramalho, J.C., and Ant\u00f3nio, C. (2021). Primary metabolite profile changes in Coffea spp. promoted by single and combined exposure to drought and elevated CO2 concentration. 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